George Allen

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, again, this is important in that this bill we will be voting on after the judge votes, H.R. 5005, provides $2 billion to replenish FEMA's disaster relief account. Included in there, which is very important, as Melanie Sabelhaus said, we are making promises of loans to folks, and we have run out of funds. So it is important we all work as quickly as possible to make sure these funds are there because there is an allocation in here of up to $30 million which may be transferred to the Small Business Administration's efforts to carry out disaster loans authorized by section 7(b) of the Small Business Act. The point is, we have a lot of people hurting in this country, in Florida, and obviously I am talking about Virginia. It is important we all come together quickly, efficiently, and as expeditiously as possible to assist these individuals who have a lot of pain, a lot of work to do, but also a great deal of spirit. In the Shockoe Bottom, what encouraged me the most was folks cleaning and going through all that work--which is very tedious work. The smells and the mold and all that is almost overwhelming at times. But there is a great deal of history in the Shockoe Bottom of Richmond. It is one of the oldest neighborhoods in one of the oldest cities in the country. It has a lot of history. This is going to be adding to the lore. I think, as they clean up and get back in business, it will be stronger than ever. I am very pleased that all of us, the executive branch and legislative branch, are making sure the funds are there to help those small business owners, men and women, get back on their feet, get their customers in those doors again, keep those people working. I thank you all for this effort. I hope this will pass unanimously after we dispose of the action on judges shortly. I look forward to making sure we work together to get America-- whether in Florida or Virginia or elsewhere--moving forward. I yield the floor.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, today I would like to reflect on the wonderful life of a fine Virginian and American, Mr. Zane Durwood Showker, who passed away on June 23, 2004 in Rockingham County. Born on January 30, 1926, in Craigsville, VA, Zane Showker truly made the most of his time here on Earth. Throughout his life, he was an outstanding businessman, perhaps best exemplified by his founding the successful Harrisonburg Fruit and Produce, which would later become Sysco Food Services of Virginia. His entrepreneurial skills were only outshone by his philanthropic skills as Mr. Showker kindly used his great success in business to give back to his community through his various charitable projects. More than anything, Zane Showker was an exceptionally kind and generous gentleman who cared greatly for the Shenandoah Valley. As Governor, I was proud to appoint Zane to the JMU Board of Visitors, where he served with distinction. His work at JMU and throughout the Valley had a truly positive effect on the lives of countless Virginians. Like so many others, I will always have fond memories of his warm personality and hospitality at his wonderful home, Breezy Hill. Today, my thoughts and prayers go out to the Showker family during this difficult time.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I am pleased today to recognize Mr. Raymon Thacker for his community service and leadership. Mr. Thacker is in his 70th consecutive year of service as a member of the Scottsville Volunteer Fire Department. Mr. Thacker is a founding member of the Department, and has selflessly given much of his time and hard work to see to it that the Department continues to run smoothly and effectively. The Scottsville Volunteer Fire Department serves about 15,000 residents within southern Albemarle, Fluvanna, Buckingham, and Nelson Counties. Mr. Thacker has worked tirelessly to make sure everyone in the area remains safe and secure. The Scottsville region surely appreciates the talents and efforts that Mr. Raymon Thacker has displayed as a member of the Scottsville Volunteer Fire Department. I congratulate him on his community service and wish him well in the future.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I am pleased to recognize Mr. Gene N. Johnson for his community service and leadership. Mr. Johnson is in his 40th consecutive year of service as a member of the Scottsville Volunteer Fire Department. During his time at the department, Mr. Johnson actively took on the role of department president from 1986- 1997, and also served as a HAZMAT responder. The Scottsville Volunteer Fire Department serves about 15,000 residents within southern Albemarle, Fluvanna, Buckingham and Nelson Counties. Mr. Johnson has worked selflessly to make sure everyone in the area remains safe and secure. The Scottsville region surely appreciates the talents and efforts that Mr. Gene Johnson has displayed as a member of the Scottsville Volunteer Fire Department. I congratulate him on his community service and wish him well in the future.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I rise today to speak on the pending measure before the Senate, the U.S.-Morocco free-trade agreement. Soon this body will likely pass the implementing legislation and send it to the President for signature and subsequent enactment. Before that takes place, I believe it is important to outline to the people of the Commonwealth of Virginia my position on this matter and why I will vote in favor of its passage though it is not a perfect agreement. The enactment of free trade agreements have the potential to increase the profitability of U.S. companies, increase U.S. jobs, open new markets for U.S. products and services and engender stronger relationships with other nations. However, the central tenet of such agreements must be fairness, clear benefit to all parties and a relatively equitable number and degree of concessions. Understanding that in any negotiation there must be some give and take, it is counterproductive and damaging for the U.S. to agree to provisions within these agreements that leave U.S. industries susceptible to loopholes that allow a non-party country duty free access to our market. In the case of the Morocco free-trade agreement I am speaking of the textile provisions. This agreement, while in many ways better than previous free trade agreements, would still allow for non-party countries to export yarn or fabric to Morocco and upon production into apparel, be imported into the United States duty-free. If our government is going to negotiate an agreement with another country and make concessions to secure an equally beneficial arrangement, I cannot comprehend why loopholes would be included to permit a third party to benefit from the agreement without having to meet the requirements or make the concessions of those party to the trade pact. Under a tariff preference level, the Morocco agreement will allow the use of fabric and yarn from a non-party of up to thirty million square meters equivalent. It is difficult to understand why such an exception is necessary, given that the total Moroccan trade in fabric and yarn with the U.S. in 2003 was 16.477 million square meters equivalent. I have been in contact with many in the domestic textile industry and have to sincerely agree with them that such a provision appears to be a substantial loophole that will ultimately allow a country other than the U.S. or Morocco to benefit from the U.S.-Morocco free-trade agreement. The U.S. government has an obligation to the American worker to do away with the practice of providing exceptions like tariff preference levels. A third-party country that would provide yarn and fabric under these loopholes will have conceded nothing nor offered greater access to its market as it benefits from the agreement negotiated between the U.S. and Morocco. Make no mistake, concessions like this can adversely affect American jobs. Domestic textile production has provided Americans stable, well-paying jobs for generations; however the enactment of free trade agreements that allow a party to go outside of the agreement but enjoy duty-free access has contributed to the growing number of unemployed textile workers in this country. Going forward, I would strongly recommend to those negotiating trade agreements on behalf of the American people to visit Southside Virginia and gain a first-hand perspective on how the concessions made in trade pacts can impact not only a few families, but entire communities. We must make sure that when we are opening our markets to other countries through trade agreements that we do not allow a third party to benefit without being party to the requirements and concessions of that trade agreement. Even with the grave concerns I have with the textile provisions of this agreement, I believe that on balance, it provides a net-plus for the working people of the United States. The reduction in tariffs and protection of intellectual property and trademarks will provide great benefit to hundreds of thousands of U.S. jobs and further the global market share of their enterprises. Additionally, the relatively balanced nature of the U.S.-Morocco free-trade agreement sets a valuable example with the other developing countries around the world. The removal of tariffs on 95 percent of bilateral trade on the day of enactment should greatly benefit the majority of U.S. industries and their employees. Given that Morocco currently places a 20 percent duty on U.S. exports while the U.S. only assigns a four percent tariff on Moroccan exports this agreement makes a strong initial push for free and open trade. With strong U.S. industries like information technology, machinery and construction equipment poised to gain immediate duty-free access to Morocco; the U.S. should see positive gains in exports to Morocco in the near future. The domestic farming community will see tariffs on a large number of agriculture products cut significantly or eliminated immediately. The reduction of tariffs and the implementation of new tariff-rate quotas on products like beef, poultry and wheat will likely result in a tremendous growth in the amount of U.S. agriculture products exported to Morocco. The U.S. has had a difficult time convincing its trading partners to actively protect intellectual property and fully prosecute those found to be pirating or counterfeiting U.S. software, movies and music. I am pleased the Morocco agreement establishes new protections for intellectual property rights and increases penalties for those found to engage in the piracy and counterfeiting of U.S. products. Finally, the enactment of the U.S.-Morocco free-trade agreement sends a powerful message to developing nations around the world. It is a clear indication that the U.S. is interested in developing mutually beneficial economic and trade relationships that can result in greater access to the U.S. market and hopefully closer ties with the U.S. Agreements like the Morocco trade pact provide a clear example for those countries in Africa and the Middle East willing to make political and economic reforms. In closing, I will vote in favor of the U.S.-Morocco free-trade agreement because comprehensively, it is beneficial to the U.S. business community. The reduction of tariffs and increased access to markets will improve the profitability of many U.S. companies and provide an example for future agreements with tolerant, reform-minded, developing nations. This could have been an outstanding, purely positive agreement, rather than a good agreement on balance.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, a good friend of the Senate Taiwan caucus, Ambassador C.J. (Chien-Jen) Chen, will soon be leaving Washington, D.C., after having served for nearly 4 years here as Taiwan's principle representative. We are going to miss him very much. As chairman of the Taiwan caucus, I would like to bring special attention to his accomplishments for his country and his commitment to the advancement of freedom. Ambassador Chen brought a wealth of experience to his job. He was first assigned to Washington, D.C. in 1971, and he spent most of his distinguished 37-year career promoting good relations between Taiwan and the United States. Over the years, he won many friends for himself and for his country. An eloquent speaker and polished diplomat, Ambassador Chen also has a reputation for being a ``straight shooter.'' He was always prepared to provide an informed, balanced, and fair opinion on the complex relationship between Taiwan and the United States as well as the broad range of political, economic, cultural and other issues of common interest to our two countries. Ambassador Chen's skill and determination as a representative of Taiwan have been made plain in many ways, but I want to mention one in particular. He has persistently pushed for Taiwan to have a role in international organizations. That is a real challenge, because Beijing opposes it at every turn, but Mr. Chen has pressed on. Owing in large part to his efforts, much progress has been made on these issues. During his most recent assignment in Washington, with U.S. support, Taiwan has acceded to the World Trade Organization and become our eighth largest trading partner. At the same time, Taiwan has also contributed greatly to U.S.-led international humanitarian efforts in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq, and it has cooperated with the United States in fighting proliferation, terrorism, and money laundering in Asia. All these matters required intensive communication and coordination, and we were lucky to have someone like C.J. Chen in place to lead the way. He understands that the people of Taiwan are as entitled to the blessings of liberty such as shared knowledge and the free exchange of information. Fighting for this freedom, he has had a special determination to secure Taiwan's entrance into the World Health Organization, an issue on which he and I have worked together. As the SARS virus swept Asia and frightened the entire globe, he seized the moral initiative to say the Taiwanese people are also vulnerable to this disease and that Taiwanese doctors also may heal. He clearly stated that they have a right to seek help and to give it, and that no petty, technical political agenda should stand in the way of that simple affirmation of humanity. When the doors to the WHO are thrown open for Taiwan, and they will be, people will remember with gratitude how C.J. Chen moved us toward that day. One of the most notable and likable things about C.J. is his inexhaustible optimism. While the United States-Taiwan relationship has certainly experienced its fair share of twists and turns, ups and downs--as Mr. Chen will surely attest--he has always remained consistently upbeat. His confidence is contagious, and I agree wholeheartedly with his observation, that Taiwan and the United States--united by shared values and common interests--will continue to work closely together, not only for their mutual benefit but also for the sake of lasting peace and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific. Now, after having served as his chief representative in the United States, as his country's foreign minister, as member of Taiwan's Legislative Yuan, and as a university professor, this man of extraordinary talent and vision is leaving Washington, DC. While he will be sorely missed, I am certain that he has established an admirable legacy of friendship, trust, and cooperation that will long endure.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Thank you, Mr. President. I thank my colleague, Senator DeWine, for yielding. Let me commend the eloquent remarks of the Senator from North Carolina, Mrs. Dole. Her remarks are the same sentiments that I will be expressing, maybe not with the same eloquence but with the exact same concern we both share for the citizens of North Carolina and Virginia. I also thank Senator Chambliss for looking out for the people of his State. But most importantly, when we listen to the remarks of the Senators from Virginia, from North Carolina, from Georgia, South Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee, it is common sense why this is such an important issue for the people of our States, for our economies, and the opportunities for many people. I commend Senator DeWine for his efforts in this regard. But mostly I want to commend Senator McConnell of Kentucky for his leadership. He has worked very hard, along with the others of us in the tobacco- growing States in this effort to achieve a tobacco quota buyout. In the other body, as was stated by Senator Dole, Congressman Burr and Congressman McIntyre worked very hard, as well as Congressman Virgil Goode from Southside Virginia. I know many of my colleagues have said on many occasions that it is all important to be advocating policies and ideas that promote freedom, that promote job opportunities, and improve the competitiveness of America. That is why I think we must equitably find a way to end this tobacco quota system. As I said, I agree with the comments of Senator Dole and Senator Chambliss who spoke before me. But some people question, ``Why is it so important to end this outdated, old, punitive quota system?'' The reason it is important is because it is antiquated, it is a restrictive quota system which harms the ability of tobacco-growing families to earn a living by artificially increasing their costs of production because they have to pay the quota holder. If you are producing a product and you have added costs per pound, those dollars per pound for the right to grow has to go into the price for which you sell that product. Otherwise, you keep running a loss and you go bankrupt. Senator Dole was talking about the similar experiences farmers are having in her State. I know these tobacco-growing families are hard-working families in Southside and Southwest Virginia who have worked long and hard hours on these farms. Their families have owned those farms and those lands for many years. Growing is not easy. You have to prepare the soil, you have to get seedlings going, you have to plant them at the right time, and you have to tend the crop. You have to worry about pests and mold. Then there is the harvesting which has to be done, whether it is flue-cured or whether it is a burley tobacco which has different harvesting requirements, and then the curing of that crop after you have harvested. It is a lot of hard work. In Virginia, there is estimated to be about 8,400 tobacco farmers and more than 120,000 tobacco-related jobs throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia is the fifth largest tobacco-producing State. It is the second largest manufacturer of tobacco products. Virginia is the largest exporter of tobacco products. Clearly, tobacco plays an important role in Virginia's economy, agricultural or otherwise. These tobacco-growing families and farmers and communities in my own State of Virginia, as well as many other tobacco-growing States, need this quota buyout to remain competitive in the world marketplace. They have to be competitive because our States are not the only places in the world that grow tobacco. It is grown all over the world, whether it is in South America, Africa, or Asia. Without getting rid of this quota system, we stand to lose thousands of jobs at a time when a lot of our manufacturing base is being lost to other countries. There are provisions--and I know the Senator from Georgia, Mr. Chambliss mentioned this--in this amendment which I do not favor, specifically, the potentially burdensome oversight by the FDA on merchants who sell tobacco products. However, I believe this buyout is needed to allow an important element of our American economy to survive. This buyout will allow farmers who wish to continue to grow tobacco to do so in a competitive environment or at least allow them to better compete. If they do not care to grow it any longer, they will be able to use this buyout in a way to find a transition to some other farming or another line of work, rather than allowing this just to continue, which will be a long suffering collapse and disaster economically for those families. We talk about many of the farmers. One of the farmer's name is Kevin Mottley, a fourth-generation young farmer who says he wants to carry on with his family tradition. That is something to be proud of. We are happy to hear that. Of course, he is talking about a tough situation with international competition, but he wrote that, ``With the recent cuts in tobacco quotas and prices on other farm commodities down, it's harder to keep our farm operating.'' That is the economic impact on a real farmer, a real person, in Virginia. He understands this buyout is not only important for individual families; it is also important for the communities that depend on the strength of the tobacco-growing segment of our economy. The current quota system makes Virginia-grown tobacco less competitive versus foreign-grown tobacco. While U.S.-grown tobacco is generally a better quality, it does cost much more due to this onerous quota system. Thus, the cigarette manufacturers are using or have an incentive to use more foreign-grown tobacco. As less tobacco is grown, it is less profitable, obviously, to growing families in this country and also in their communities and counties in which they are farming. If we can achieve this buyout, it will make U.S. tobacco more competitive, thus positively impacting the economies of rural communities and towns. Some will grouse about the cost of this buyout. I believe it is fair compensation to end this government program. Well, look at how much the Federal Government taxes tobacco. There is a 39-cent tax per pack of cigarettes. The Federal Government garners about $8 billion a year on tobacco taxes. Throw in all the State and local taxes, heck, it is around $30 billion. Beginning July 1st, 2005, Virginia cigarette taxes will increase to 30 cents a pack. Those that will be hurt by this increase are all the businesses along the Tennessee and North Carolina borders. Raising those taxes means they will lose sales at those convenience stores and country stores. The Federal Government gets plenty of money, $8 billion a year, from taxing tobacco. We need to realize when farms are hurt, it also hurts our economy. When the tobacco farming sector suffers, there are other non-tobacco sectors that are affected, as well. The economic losses associated with the recent changes in the tobacco sector have resulted in the loss of more than 57,000 jobs in the six major tobacco-growing States. While the primary sector affected is the tobacco-growing sector, losing more than 39,500 jobs, these tobacco sector job losses created an additional loss of nearly 18,000 jobs in the non-tobacco sectors. It demonstrates that the tobacco production prices impact such diverse businesses as local farm supply stores, banks, health care providers, manufacturers, retail businesses, and many others in the non-farm sector in these communities. One needs to understand there is no crop that produces the yield per acre that tobacco does. When the tobacco quota is reduced, that affects all of the money, all of the revenues available within these rural communities. I have previously stated I am not in favor of FDA regulation. The reality, however, is that it has been joined to this measure. It is the way that the salutary, vitally necessary quota buyout will be addressed today in the Senate. I am voting for this because of the quota buyout. I hope the conference report--I know Senator DeWine may not have the same hopes but I will express my views--I hope the conference report will knock out or diminish the harmful impact of FDA on convenience stores and advertising consistent with First Amendment rights. I have heard Senator DeWine state this will not have an impact on growers. I hope it will not have an impact on growers. There may be some certain aspects we ought to look at. Maybe it ought to be done through USDA in making sure foreign-grown tobacco meets the same standard we want for tobacco grown in this country, for pesticides or chemicals that are not naturally occurring in the tobacco plant. I do believe, however, that we do not need FDA regulation to prohibit and protect children from purchasing cigarettes. That is usually the argument, that we have to protect the children. That is fine, but I think it can be done without onerous FDA regulations. I fear, if FDA has regulatory authority over tobacco manufacturers and producers, we will end up with decisions being made further away from the people, given to officious and meddling regulators. Rarely do I see the federal government or any agency resisting a temptation to expand its power. Once the FDA has control over tobacco retailers and manufacturers, they will be subject to ever changing restrictions dictated by future political considerations. I do commend the efforts of Senator DeWine and Senator McConnell and others who worked on this; I will be voting for this measure to keep this bill moving and gaining momentum. It is very important. We are taking a major step forward with this measure in making sure our tobacco-growing families can be competitive with foreign-grown tobacco. It is also important that we understand there are a number of aspects in the underlying bill, the JOBS bill, which are important to our economy. There are aspects of it I have worked with my colleagues on to put in, including the Homestead Preservation Act which helps displaced workers who have lost jobs due to international competition. There are folks, and many are in the same areas as the tobacco farmers, in rural communities who have lost textile jobs. The Homestead Preservation provision will help them with mortgage assistance for 1 year to help them keep their homes and protect their credit ratings as they work toward strengthening and updating their skills and getting back on their feet with a new job. That is an important provision. There are also provisions that help make the United States more attractive for foreign companies to invest and create jobs in this country. The main point is this is an amendment that advances a long talked about, long sought after, absolutely essential provision, the tobacco quota buyout, which is so important to people not only in Virginia but also tobacco-growing States across this country. I am glad, while there may be some differences clearly on the FDA provisions, that the Senate has come together and has put forth this, on balance, very positive, competitive idea in an amendment. I hope my colleagues will vote for it, it will be passed, and we can move to the conference committee, and, ultimately, next fall pass this JOBS bill which is so important for our country. I thank my colleague Senator DeWine and yield the floor.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I rise today in support of the Department of Defense--DOD--Peer-Reviewed Breast Cancer Research Program. This program is a proven success and I support a $150 million earmark for the DOD Peer Reviewed Breast Cancer Research Program for Fiscal Year 2005. This one-of-a-kind research program uses an innovative grants structure that brings scientists and consumers together to make key policy decisions about breast cancer research. Since its inception 12 years ago, this far-reaching, influential program has literally changed the way breast cancer research is done. It has become a model that other research programs have sought to replicate. The program has funded groundbreaking research, including the discovery of the drug Herceptin, which prolongs the lives of women with a particularly aggressive type of advanced breast cancer. This drug could not have been developed without research that was funded in part by the DOD Peer Reviewed Breast Cancer Research Program. Not only is this program on the cutting edge of breast cancer research, but also is extremely streamlined. Every penny spent by this program and the researchers who receive funding are accounted for at public meeting every 2 years. Ninety percent of the funds go directly to research and only 10 percent are used for administrative costs. This kind of efficiency and prudence in spending is unheard of in other federally funding research programs. An overwhelming, bipartisan majority in the Senate supports this program every year. This year, 66 Senators, including myself, signed the letter addressed to appropriators urging the continuation of the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Peer Review Research Program earmark with level funding of $150 million for fiscal year 2005. Unfortunately, the language in the Senate Department of Defense Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2005 threatens the funding and unique structure of the Breast Cancer Peer Reviewed Research Program. The Senate bill combines all of the Congressionally Directed Cancer Research Programs into one account and reduces the total funding available to all. Because the Senate version lumps all the cancer programs into one pot, rather than maintaining separate earmarks, the proposal will have multiple, negative outcomes. As written, the Senate bill seriously threatens the integrity of the Department of Defense breast cancer research program and will dismantle its one-of-a kind peer review process involving patients and consumers that makes the program so successful and unique. The proposal will force cancer groups to compete with one another for reduced funding. And, a particularly dangerous component of the proposal is that it transfers funding to other cancer projects that are not recommended by a scientific peer reviewed process. I have heard the success stories that have manifested as a result of research that has come out of this program. I regularly meet with women and men alike, from my Commonwealth of Virginia, who commend the positive and innovative advances that this program produces. Just last month, I met with the Virginia Breast Cancer Foundation. Let me tell you, I believe Virginia is a model for other States on many issues, but I must say that the Virginia Breast Cancer Foundation is a leader in its advocacy for this issue. As the Department of Defense Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2005 goes to conference, I urge my colleagues to support the language passed in the House and preserve this important program for breast cancer research. I understand that we are fighting a war on terror, but many individuals on our home front are fighting for their lives. I yield the floor.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I am pleased to recognize Mr. Harry C. Mason, Jr. for his community service and leadership. Mr. Mason recently ended his 8-year term serving the citizens of the Town of Orange on the Orange Town Council. During his time as a councilman, Orange saw significant improvement in its quality of life; the town saw the design of a Raw Water Storage Basin project, improvements to the town's infrastructure, design of the new Public Works facility, the launch of the town's first public transit system, and the development of the road to the new middle school. Throughout his life, Harry Mason has been a community leader and volunteer. He is an esteemed business person of the town of Orange and is an active member of the Orange County Chamber of Commerce and Orange Rotary Club. Mr. Mason is also a strong supporter of the Orange Volunteer Fire Department and Rescue squad. In addition, he participates in and sponsors the Orange County Public School System breakfast buddies program. The Town of Orange will surely miss the leadership and talents that Councilman Mason displayed on the town council and would like to recognize him for his commitment to Orange. I congratulate him on his community service and wish him well in the future.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I wish to honor Miss Ekaterina Mikhailovich Radzhabova who graduated this month with a master's degree in business from Xavier University in Cincinnati, OH. Miss Radzhabova is a Russian immigrant who came to the United States 5 years ago, at the age of 19, to seek an education and a better way of life. Since coming to America, Miss Radzhabova has completed both her undergraduate and graduate programs at Xavier with the highest possible honors. This is particularly impressive considering that she accomplished this while speaking her second language, English. Miss Radzhabova has not only proven herself dedicated through her hard work at school, but also through the volunteer work that she has performed in her extra time to help inner city children develop better skills in reading and arithmetic. On the weekends, she drives outside the city to help an elderly family with chores that they can no longer do on their own. Indeed, through her hard work and service, she has clearly demonstrated the American ideal of helping those who are less fortunate. Miss Radzhabova is not only an inspiration to the youth of Russia but also to all of our young Americans. During her graduation ceremony this month, Ekaterina Radzhabova was surrounded by many of the friends that she made while living in the United States. Unfortunately, her family was unable to attend the ceremonies. One of those family members was her father, Mikhail Radzhabova, who passed away in October 2001. It was his dream to have his family come to the United States after the fall of the Soviet Union. Although her father was not able to attend the ceremony in person, I am sure that he was there in spirit, looking proudly upon his daughter, knowing that she had helped make his dream a reality. Unfortunately, her mother and brother were denied visas to attend her graduation. But, like her father, they are undoubtedly proud of her accomplishments. Miss Radzhabova is a talented young woman who has overcome a great deal since she came to America to pursue her dream. She has proven to be a great success in her new country by not only accomplishing part of her father's dream, but also by inspiring countless people around her with her positive attitude and determination to succeed.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I today recognize Kimberly Johnson- Smith for her community service and leadership. For over 16 years, Mrs. Johnson-Smith has selflessly lent her time and talents on behalf of various civic groups in Arlington County. In addition to being a member of the Arlington County Civic Federation, Kimberly Johnson-Smith has held various leadership positions in the County, including: chairperson of the Executive Committee, co-chair of the Public Safety Committee, and co-chair of the 911 Scholarship Fund, which raised over $150,000 dollars for college- bound children of Arlington County public safety personnel. Mrs. Johnson-Smith was also a member of the Arlington Citizen Corps Council where she was the Chairperson for the Public Education for Emergency Preparedness task group as well as the planner and advisor for Arlington Prepares Door-to-Door. In addition, she was a founding member, advisor and scheduler of Arlington County Community Emergency Response Team. Mrs. Johnson-Smith also spent time at the Arlington Animal Welfare League and helped establish Puppy Parties for Arlington Dogs. She was a member and past board member of the Arlington Outdoor Education Association and also involved herself in the Sheriff's Department and Crime Prevention Council's ``SOS'' program for seniors. Among her professional recognitions, Kimberly Johnson-Smith was the recipient of the Journal Cup for Civic Activity and the President's Award for Civic Acts. Arlington County will surely miss the great leadership and talents that Kimberly Johnson-Smith displayed in all of her activities. I congratulate her on her community service and wish her and her family well in their move to Madison County.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I join my colleague and friend, Senator Warner, in endorsing Walt Kelley for this judgeship for the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. I have known him for many decades. He is a patient man and an outstanding lawyer. Senator Warner and I interviewed many highly qualified candidates for that judgeship in the Eastern District of Virginia. Walt Kelley has extensive trial experience and, most importantly, has the right philosophy as a judge and will not invent the law but interpret it according to the facts. I hope my colleagues will support his nomination.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I wonder if I might take just a minute to ask the Chairman whether I am correct that developing a reliable, automated three-dimensional facial recognition capability has significant implications for our fight against terrorism and would be of great interest to the defense, intelligence and transportation security agencies.

Mr. ALLEN. I also understand that one very promising approach would be to use laser radar to acquire such a three-dimensional image. This technology is highly accurate, and is already used in industrial applications to measure such things as minute imperfections in airplane wings. Unlike more traditional photography, it also would work in a greater variety of lighting conditions and at a much greater distance. It also has the advantage of avoiding allegations of racial profiling because it makes no use of skin color, instead measuring facial features.

Mr. ALLEN. Does the Chairman agree it would be worthwhile to explore taking existing industrial technology and applying it to the problem of quickly and reliably identifying at a distance moving individuals at such locations as airports and border crossings?

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, soon we will be voting on the nomination of Walter DeKalb Kelley, Jr., to be a Federal judge for the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. My colleague, Senator Warner, and I know him as Walt. We very much support his nomination. I have known Walt Kelley for a long time now. He is one who continues to impress me as a gentleman. I have always found him to be even tempered, no matter the situation, no matter how fractious things might be. He always has a good, steady demeanor about him, which I think is an important attribute, especially for a trial judge. Senator Warner and I interviewed many outstanding nominees for this judgeship in the Eastern District of Virginia. The things I care about are experience, to the extent you can find somebody who has judicial experience. Also, when you look at their experience and talk about them, whether it is in the courtroom or what their beliefs are, it is important to figure out what their judicial philosophy might be. On the point of judicial philosophy, as a judge, Walt Kelley will be one who understands the proper role of the judiciary, in particular to adjudicate a case, applying the facts and evidence before the court, applying the law in the proper way, as opposed to a judge who might want to invent new law. As far as experience is concerned, while Walt Kelley has not served as a judge, he has a tremendous amount of experience in the courtroom, arguing and taking to final adjudication 25 cases in various Federal courts. He has been endorsed and supported by the Virginia Association of Defense Attorneys and the Virginia State Bar. The American Bar Association has also given Walt Kelley a unanimous opinion of ``well qualified.'' He is rated ``AV'' by Martindale-Hubbell. In addition, the Virginia Women Attorneys Association supports his nomination. He is an individual of great character, and he supports important aspects of the community in the Hampton Roads area. He is the chairman or the rector of the Board of Visitors at Old Dominion University in Norfolk. He is a trustee at Norfolk Collegiate School, where he attended, and his three children currently attend school. He is an adjunct professor in antitrust law at Regent University School of Law. He was on the Virginia Attorney General's Task Force on Higher Education, and he is also the director of the Hampton Roads Salvation Army Adult Rehabilitation Center Advisory Board, making sure folks are rehabilitated from being addicted to drugs, or using drugs, so they may become productive citizens. Walt Kelley is an outstanding individual. He has the experience, the temperament, and the right philosophy to be a judge in the Eastern District of Virginia for many decades to come. I look forward to voting for him and respectfully urge my colleagues to support the nomination of Walter Kelley to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Mr. President, I yield the floor.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be dispensed with.

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I rise to speak as if in morning business.

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, my colleagues and Americans, President Ronald Reagan will be returning to Washington tomorrow for the very last time. I rise to honor the memory and life of the greatest leader of the 20th century and to express my sympathy to his wonderful and loyal family--in particular, his loving wife and partner Nancy. Nancy Reagan has always been an outstanding and inspirational role model for our entire Nation. And that has never been more clearly displayed than through her wonderful courage and love during the difficult journey she and President Reagan traveled during the past decade. Like so many, I was inspired to actually answer the call of public service because of then-Governor Ronald Reagan's positive, principled message. In 1976, I began as a young lieutenant in the Reagan revolution when I was asked to chair Young Virginians for Reagan. Today, I am still motivated to work to advance his individual- empowering philosophy in government. Ronald Reagan entered the political stage in 1964 with a speech which summed up a philosophy that would guide him through his Presidency two decades hence, and which turned the tide of world history. Mr. Reagan said in 1964, ``You and I have a rendezvous with destiny. We can preserve for our children this, the last best hope of man on Earth, or we can sentence them to take the first step into a thousand years of darkness. If we fail, at least let our children say of us we justified our brief moment here. We did all that could be done.'' Indeed, Ronald Wilson Reagan did have a rendezvous with destiny. President Reagan rejuvenated the spirit of America. His determined, optimistic leadership lit the torch of liberty and allowed it to shine in the dark recesses of oppressed countries around the world. Ronald Reagan believed in the innate goodness of mankind. He believed and advocated the wisdom of our country's foundational principles. He believed that given the opportunity, all men and women would seek freedom and liberty and with it unleash creativity, ingenuity, hard work, and economic growth. He touched deeply the hearts and minds of Americans through his genuinely believed, commonsense conservative words of encouragement-- from his first inaugural speech in 1981, to his inspirational State of the Union Addresses, to his moving memorial tribute to our lost Challenger explorer, to his strong demand to tear down the wall of oppression, to his passionate tribute to the defenders of liberty at Normandy 20 years ago this week. Those were the words he delivered. Those words which he delivered are now as much a part of the fabric of America as the threads of our flag, Old Glory. Lee Greenwood's song, ``God Bless the U.S.A.,'' was an anthem to Ronald Reagan's renewed America. Historians will surely discuss and debate the impact of Ronald Reagan's 8 years as President for generations to come. But there is no doubt his legacy has already been revealed. In fact, he foresaw his legacy. He was there at the bicentennial in 1981 of the Battle of Yorktown. He gave a wonderful speech at Yorktown, VA. He said as follows, ``We have come to this field to celebrate the triumph of an idea--that freedom will eventually triumph over tyranny. It is and always will be a warning to those who would usurp the rights of others. Time will find them beaten. The beacon of freedom shines here for all who will see, inspiring free men and captives alike, and no wall, no curtain, nor totalitarian state can shut it out.'' To put this in context, when Ronald Reagan became our 40th President, Americans had lost their faith in our leaders and in the role of America in the world. Government at home was restraining its citizens with oppressive taxation and burdensome regulations. Our national malaise led to historically high unemployment, high interest rates and inflation, low productivity, and a stagnant stock market. Our moral authority around the world had been eroding, and confidence in the ideals of liberty and democracy were replaced by the fear of expanding tyranny, communism, and repression. America yearned for a leader who could change the direction of our Nation and make them proud of our heritage once again. Ronald Reagan answered that call. Many tributes this week rightfully point to President Reagan's unwavering optimism and belief in the inner strength of Americans, and indeed all human beings. He understood that they could be motivated and inspired to higher ideals with our competitive nature. No more hand- wringing. He wanted action. Indeed, he challenged us to look no further than his administration and ourselves for solutions. He said, ``If not us, who? If not now, when?'' Beyond his unshakable faith in mankind was his consistent adherence to principles which were unfashionable and often scorned when he came to office but today which are solidly embraced and winning the minds of people across our country and throughout the world. He acted on his beliefs that government interference should be restrained and that free people should be unrestrained, without limits. We prospered and we thrived with the creation of jobs and opportunities. One of my very favorite principles of President Reagan was declared in his 1985 State of the Union address when he said, ``Every dollar the government does not take from us, every decision it does not make for us, will make our economy stronger, our lives more abundant and our future more free.'' And so it is. Through tax cuts that return tax dollars to those whose hard work and ingenuity earned them, to reducing burdensome regulations, President Reagan presided over the beginning of the most robust peace expansion of our economy in the history of our Nation. But President Reagan believed the blessings of liberty must not be bestowed only on a few nations and only to those blessed to be born on free soil; Ronald Reagan, with the strength of his convictions, exported and advanced democracy to continents, countries, and people yearning to taste the sweet nectar of liberty. He knew the evil communistic empire could not be sustained and would collapse under the weight of a determined effort to challenge the Soviets on their failed policies, both foreign and domestic. He reversed decades of policy calling for containment of that oppressive tyrannical system, and he boldly asserted that the advancement of freedom and liberty must be America's No. 1 foreign policy objective. Indeed, he believed that it is our solemn moral obligation to do so. Now we are seeing his greatest legacy. Hundreds of millions of free people, from the Baltics in Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia through Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Romania, all people once repressed behind the Iron Curtain are now joining NATO. They are true friends and allies. Yes, they are breathing that invigorating wind of freedom. One of the last public statements Ronald Reagan made was in 1983. He provided us with a vision which will guide us now and in the future. Ronald Reagan said, ``History comes and history goes, but principles endure and ensure future generations to defend liberty--not as a gift from the government, but a blessing from our Creator. Here in America the lamp of individual conscience burns bright. By that I know we will all be guided to that dreamed of day when no one wields a sword and no one drags a chain.'' It is Ronald Reagan's inspiring character, courage, unflinching adherence to principles, policies, and eloquence that brought forth a renaissance for the United States of America, a rebirth of freedom, and the world also experienced that renaissance at a crucial juncture in history. He fanned the flames of freedom and that torch of liberty will continue to burn brightly by his inspiration and example. We all thank God for blessing the United States and the world with Ronald Reagan. President Reagan, as you finally enter the gates of that shining city on the hill you always talked about, rest peacefully, knowing you left the world a much better place than it was when you arrived. For that, the free people of your Nation are eternally grateful. I yield the floor.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. I move to lay that motion on the table. The motion to lay on the table was agreed to.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I congratulate the University of Virginia Women's Lacrosse team for winning the 2004 NCAA Division I lacrosse championship with a 10-to-4 victory over the previously undefeated 2003 champion Princeton Tigers and introduce a resolution expressing the congratulations of the United States Senate to these outstanding young women. As a University of Virginia graduate and father of a daughter who plays lacrosse in high school, I express the pride felt by all students, faculty and alumni of the University of Virginia at this tremendous accomplishment by the women's lacrosse team. Coach Julie Myers and her superb coaching staff: Colleen Shearer, Heather Dow and Kateri Linville, deserve much of the credit for the accomplishment of these student athletes and should also be highly commended. The University of Virginia Cavaliers Women's Lacrosse team raced out to a 5 to 1 halftime lead on the strength of eight saves by tournament MVP Andrea Pfeiffer and two goals and an assist from Tyler Leachman. The University of Virginia went on to win the championship with an outstanding second half performance scoring five goals to the Princeton Tigers' three to win the 2004 NCAA women's lacrosse title 10 to 4. In her distinguished career, Cavalier Head Coach Julie Myers has won over a hundred games and has taken her teams to the NCAA title game four times, a feat accomplished by only four other coaches in Division I history. Cavalier teams' eight consecutive invitations to the NCAA tournament have been accomplished by only four other coaches in Division I history. In addition to their 2004 National title, the women's team also won the ACC championship, one of the toughest conferences in the country. The members of the 2004 University of Virginia's Women's Lacrosse team have indeed made Mr. Jefferson's University proud and should be applauded for their character and leadership, both on and off the playing field. I congratulate Amy Appelt, Caitlin Banks, Bridget Bradley, Kate Breslin, Laura Burns, Cary Chasney, Kim Connors, Ashley Dodson, Ashleigh Haas, Julie Hauser, Megan Havrilla, Carol Hotarek, Lauren Keller, Meredith Lazarus, Tyler Leachman, Nikki Leib, Chelsea Metz, Ginger Miles, Jessy Morgan, Erin Nagle, Andrea Pfeiffer, Elizabeth Pinney, Kaitlin Swagart, Erin Sweeney, Morgan Thalenberg, Molly Urlock, Jess Wasilewski, and Courtney Young. Mr. President, I hope my colleagues will join with Senator Warner and me to pass this resolution recognizing the National Champion University of Virginia Women's Lacrosse team.

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I commend the chairman and ranking member of the Finance Committee, Senators Grassley and Baucus, for their work on the Tax Administration Good Government Act. The legislation provides taxpayer safeguards, streamlines tax administration, and simplifies the tax code. I do have some concern with one provision in the bill. Specifically, the bill also includes a provision on the IRS Free File Program. The Free File Program is the result of a public-private partnership agreement between the IRS and the Free File Alliance, LLC, a group of tax software companies managed by the Council for the Electronic Revenue Communication Advancement, CERCA. It is important to continue to promote these types of public-private partnerships and it is my hope that we can work together on this provision as we move to conference with the House of Representatives.

Mr. ALLEN. I thank the chairman and ranking member. continuing care facilities

Mr. ALLEN

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to speak up to 17 minutes as in morning business provided that the time be charged against the Republican-controlled time.

Mr. ALLEN. Mr. President, I rise today to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Topeka Board of Education. I wish to take this opportunity to honor two outstanding Virginians who played key roles in this historic decision. Those two men are Spottswood W. Robinson III and Oliver W. Hill. It is hard to imagine that only fifty years ago separate but equal under the 1896 Supreme Court decision, Plessy v. Ferguson, was allowed to be the law of the land in the United States. It is hard to imagine that not so long ago, in many States, Black children and White children were forbidden from learning in the same classroom or even the same school. It is regretful to think that only fifty years ago there were still those who believed people should be judged by the color of their skin rather than the content of their character. In the historic Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education, the highest court in the United States ruled unanimously that ``separate but equal'' education facilities for African-American children were a violation of the United States Constitution. This single decision opened the door for equal treatment of all Americans, regardless of race; an idea enshrined in the spirit of our Constitution, but, at the time, not properly reflected in our laws. Eight year-old Linda Brown surely did not know how historic her actions would be--she simply wanted to attend the nearby school with her friends. But instead, she was forced to attend a ``separate'' facility with Topeka's other African-American children. Chief Justice Earl Warren's decision for the Court was eloquent: Today, education is perhaps the most important function of State and local governments. . . . It is the very foundation of good citizenship. Today it is a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to adjust normally to his environment. In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. The Court concluded that ``in the field of public education, the doctrine of `separate but equal' has no place; separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. So here we are on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Court's decision and I would like to honor these two great Virginians, Judge Spottswood Robinson III and Mr. Oliver W. Hill. Both of these valiant gentlemen devoted their lives, energy, and resources to ensure that all Americans are afforded an equal opportunity in every aspect of American life. My predecessor, as Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Honorable L. Douglas Wilder, rightfully described Judge Spottswood Robinson as ``one of those unsung and little noticed giants'' of the civil rights movement. Born in Richmond, VA, on July 26, 1918, to a middle-class African-American family known for its presence in the business community, Spottswood Robinson learned from his father and his grandfather that honesty and hard work lead to success. Spottswood Robinson was an academic leader at segregated Armstrong High School, excelled as an undergraduate at Virginia Union University, a historically Black college and Howard University, another historically Black college. He graduated from the Howard School of Law in 1937. One might ask, ``why did he go to Howard University? Howard University is in Washington, DC.'' The sad fact was, he could not get a legal education in his home Commonwealth of Virginia. There were no legal or law opportunities for Blacks in Virginia. At Howard, though, he excelled and scored the highest scholastic average ever achieved at the school. He later stated that ``one of the things drilled into my head was . . . this legal education that you are getting is not just for you, it was for everybody. So when you leave here, you want to put it to good use.'' Spottswood Robinson certainly did put his knowledge to good use. Spottswood Robinson was considered the architect of the legal plans to overcome the closing of public schools in Prince Edward County, VA. He also used his knowledge to lay the groundwork for the monumental case of Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia. In this case involving segregation on the Greyhound buslines, Robinson advocated a unique legal proposition that segregation imposed by the Greyhound Bus Company violated the Commerce Clause of the Constitution which was a departure from the legal theory that the 14th amendment due process clause would be invoked. His deft use of the Commerce Clause gave the Civil Rights cause a historic success. After Judge Spottswood Robinson gave up his law practice in 1960, he was asked to be the Dean of the Howard University School of Law. In 1964, President John F. Kennedy selected Judge Robinson to be the first African American to be appointed to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. In 1966, Judge Robinson became the first African American to be appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit when he was appointed by then-President Johnson. On May 7, 1981, Judge Robinson became the first African American to serve as chief judge of the Circuit Court of District of Columbia. He retired in 1992 and he died in 1998 at the age of 82 in his Richmond, Virginia home. Another key Virginian in the civil rights movement was Oliver W. Hill. His life story is one of endless pursuit of justice and fairness. Mr. Hill was also born in Richmond, VA, in 1907. From the start, Mr. Oliver Hill epitomized excellence in all endeavors. He also attended Howard University where he received his undergraduate and law degrees, graduating second only to the future Supreme Court Justice, Thurgood Marshall. In 1948, Mr. Hill was elected the first African-American member of the Richmond City Council since reconstruction. As part of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, these two gentlemen, Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, played instrumental roles in litigating cases that resulted in the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. They were the two key litigators for the Virginia portion of this case which was styled Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. They joined other civil rights attorneys Justice Thurgood Marshall and Mr. Jack Greenberg in representing those who firmly believed that ``Separate but Equal'' was not the American way. The historic efforts of these men positively changed our nation. In 1999, the United States Congress recognized Oliver Hill's efforts by awarding him the Nation's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Mr. Hill's medal reads: A courageous civil rights advocate, Oliver Hill has devoted his life to building a more just and inclusive America. As a trial lawyer, he won landmark cases that secured equal rights for African-Americans in education, employment, housing, voting and jury selection. Successfully litigating one of the school desegregation cases later decided by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education, he played a key role in overturning the ``separate but equal'' doctrine. In addition to being awarded the prestigious Presidential Medal of Freedom, Mr. Hill's efforts have been recognized by organizations and institutions in Virginia and across the nation. In 1983, students at my alma mater, the University of Virginia, founded the Oliver W. Hill Black Pre-Law Association. In 1992, Mr. Hill was honored with Dominion Power's ``Strong Men and Women'' award. Each year the Virginia State Conference of the NAACP awards the ``Oliver W. Hill Freedom Fighter Award'' to an outstanding civil rights advocate. In 2001, the American College of Trial Lawyers presented Mr. Hill with the ``Award for Courageous Advocacy.'' Each year the Old Dominion Bar Association awards the Oliver W. Hill Scholarship to outstanding Virginians entering Virginia law schools. A bronze bust of Mr. Hill is proudly displayed at the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia. As with Spottswood Robinson, these honors and eminent awards were rightly bestowed on a man who exemplified character and perseverance in the face of adversity and injustice. Mr. President, our Nation has progressed in large part due to brave, tenacious and brilliant individuals like Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill. I believe that I speak for the entire nation in saying to Oliver Hill and the family of Judge Spottswood Robinson, how grateful we are for their commitment to the American ideals of equality, fairness and justice. As we commemorate the 50th anniversary of this historic decision, we must always remember that our Nation was founded upon the idea and proposition that ``all men are created equal,'' and we must ensure that our Nation's policies properly reflect this commitment to equality of opportunity ``regardless of one's race, ethnicity, gender or religious beliefs.'' ``For his unyielding efforts to improve the lives of his fellow Americans and his unwavering dedication to justice for all, our Nation honors Oliver Hill.'' In addition to being awarded the prestigious Presidential Medal of Freedom, Mr. Hill's efforts have been recognized by organizations and institutions in Virginia and across our Nation. In 1983, students at my alma mater, the University of Virginia, founded the Oliver W. Hill Black Pre-Law Association. In 1992, Mr. Hill was honored with Dominion Power's Strong Men and Women award. Each year, the Virginia State Conference of the NAACP awards the Oliver W. Hill Freedom Fighter Award to an outstanding civil rights advocate. In 2001, the American College of Trial Lawyers presented Mr. Hill with the Award for Courageous Advocacy. Each year, the Old Dominion Bar Association awards the Oliver W. Hill Scholarship to outstanding Virginians entering Virginia law schools. A bronze bust, in fact, of Oliver Hill is proudly displayed at the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia. As with Spottswood Robinson, these honors and eminent awards were rightly bestowed on a man who exemplified character and perseverance in the face of adversity and injustice. Our Nation has progressed in large part due to brave, tenacious, brilliant, and principled individuals like Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill. I believe I speak for the entire Nation in saying to Oliver Hill and to the family of Judge Spottswood Robinson how grateful we are for their commitment to the American ideals of equality, fairness, and justice. As we commemorate the 50th anniversary of this historic decision, we must always remember our Nation was founded upon the idea and proposition that ``all men are created equal,'' and we must ensure that our Nation's policies properly reflect this commitment to equality of opportunity regardless of one's race, ethnicity, gender, or religious beliefs. Mr. President, I yield the floor.