Mike Crapo

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, the Olympic Games has always been a time for the world to celebrate the triumph of the human spirit and personal qualities that determine excellence: discipline, commitment and a positive, winning attitude. Athletes from all over the world bring pride to their countries, friends and family during the Olympic Games. Most importantly, they achieve the distinction that can come when an individual applies determination and hard work to develop a God-given talent. Motivated to get up early, often before work, to pound the pavement, ride the roads and trails, shoot baskets, hit balls, lift weights or swim laps, these women and men are committed to improving their strength, agility, speed and stamina. I am especially proud of the Idahoans who competed in the 2008 Olympics, representing their teams, their Nation and their families with skill and pride. As you may know, Boise resident Kristin Armstrong won the gold in the women's cycling time trial. Kristin is well known around the Boise area: many have seen her cycling or at the local YMCA where she is an instructor. She is an inspiration to those who know her and she has made Idaho proud. Bishop Kelly High School graduate Nick Symmonds advanced to the preliminary round in the 800 meter run. Georgia Gould, a one-time Ketchum resident competed in the women's mountain bike race. Team USA also included Idahoans: Matt Brown, a graduate of Coeur d'Alene High School, played third baseman for Team USA in baseball. Debbie McDonald, from Hailey, competed for Team USA in dressage. Idahoans excelled on teams from other nations as well. Clare Bodensteiner, a graduate of Minico High School, played for the New Zealand basketball team. Angela Whyte, a former University of Idaho runner and now assistant coach competed for Canada in the 100 meter hurdles and, Joachim Olsen, also a University of Idaho athlete, competed in the shot put for Denmark. Emerson Frostad, a former Lewis- Clark State College baseball player played for Team Canada as a catcher/first baseman. Eric Matthias, a Boise resident and in graduate school at Boise State University, competed for the British Virgin Islands in the discus throw. And in the Paralympics--the second-largest sporting event in the world after the Olympics--that are concluding in Beijing this week, Idaho native Barbara Buchan took the gold in the 3,000 meter cycling event. Barbara was the 1972 high school mile run State champion from Mountain Home High School and went on to graduate from Boise State University. She was severely injured in a cycling accident in 1982, suffering almost fatal wounds. In addition to terrible physical injuries, she was in a coma for 2 months and had surgery to remove the damaged parts of her brain. After years of physical and mental rehabilitation, Barbara came back, her passion for cycling unchanged. A five-time Paralympics competitor at 52 years old, Barbara embodies the Olympic spirit. To all these courageous, gifted and dedicated Idaho athletes, I offer my heartfelt congratulations for a job well done. You continue to make Idaho proud.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, it is an honor for me to recognize the remarkable achievement of a group of Idaho citizen soldiers, the 938th Engineer Detachment from Driggs. The 938th was recently awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation, one of the U.S. Army's highest honors. According to BG Alan Gayhart, an Idaho unit has not won this award since the days of World War II, over 60 years ago. The 938th Engineer Battalion participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom from February 2003 to March 2004. The unit operated in the capacity of fire prevention and combat aircraft protection for the 101st Airborne Division in northern Iraq. This was a difficult mission, and one that they executed with professionalism, skill, and excellence. The firefighters worked tirelessly in their protection and prevention efforts in defense of freedom, and I am happy for their safe return to family and friends. I also keep the families and friends of those who made the ultimate sacrifice in prayer as they continue on without their loved ones. Idaho has a proud history of military service. Her sons and daughters have been serving our Nation in uniform far from home since the days of the Spanish American War in the early 20th century. The Meritorious Unit Commendation which the 938th Engineer Battalion received is awarded to military commands that display exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service, heroic deed or valorous actions. The unit was recommended for the award by the U.S. Army's higher headquarters and was selected by the Pentagon for the commendations.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in early August, I was informed that an Idaho Army National Guard Unit from eastern Idaho was awarded one of the U.S. Army's highest commendations, the Meritorious Unit Commendation. The First Battalion, 148th Field Artillery Unit based in Pocatello served as part of the Idaho Army National Guard's 116th Cavalry Brigade combat team in 2004 and 2005 in Iraq. Although part of a combat brigade, these citizen soldiers are doctors, dentists, electricians, lawyers, and other occupations as Idaho civilians. BG Alay Gayhart, Assistant Adjutant Army General for the Idaho Army National Guard, has rightly noted that these men and women utilized their civilian occupational skills in Iraq to help restore civic and governmental services to the country. I am honored to call myself a fellow Idahoan of these brave men and women, some of whom I had the pleasure of meeting prior to their deployment when they were at Fort Bliss, TX, at the end of the summer in 2004. I congratulate them on their professionalism, commitment to our mission, and am happy for their safe return to family and friends. I also keep the families and friends of those who made the ultimate sacrifice in prayer as they continue on without their loved ones. Idaho has a proud history of military service. Her sons and daughters have been serving our Nation in uniform far from home since the days of the Spanish American War in the early 20th century. The deployment of the 116th Cavalry Brigade combat team from 2004 to 2005 was the largest deployment of the Idaho Army National Guard in history. The Meritorious Unit Commendation is awarded to military commands that display exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service, heroic deed, or valorous actions. The unit was recommended for the award by the U.S. Army's higher headquarters and was selected by the Pentagon for the commendations.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, on August 20, America lost one of her bravest heroes, and I am honored to say he was an Idahoan. Ed ``Too Tall'' W. Freeman, U.S. Army, retired, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for actions undertaken during the battle of Ia Drang in Vietnam in November, 1965. Recounted in the book by Joseph Galloway, ``We Were Soldiers Once . . . And Young,'' Ed's bravery became legend. American forces were heavily engaged with North Vietnamese soldiers and the medical evacuation helicopters refused to fly into the battle zone to retrieve soldiers--it was deemed too dangerous. The infantry commander asked for volunteers, and young Captain Freeman, followed by LTC Bruce Crandall, stepped forward and offered to fly, unarmed, to the battlefield to bring supplies and carry out the wounded. Ed flew 14 separate missions and his actions, literally under fire, saved life and limb of 30 soldiers--all in a landing zone that was within 100 to 200 meters of the defense perimeter set up to engage the North Vietnamese Army at close range. Many of us have been to the Vietnam Wall--that tragic list is dozens of names shorter for Ed's extraordinary valor. Imagine the children and grandchildren that are here today because he saved the life of their father or grandfather. Incidentally, Ed himself had two young boys--preschool and elementary school-aged at the time. When he retired from the Army in 1966, Ed continued flying helicopters, this time for the U.S. Department of the Interior, conducting animal censes, herding horses and fighting fires. In 2001, Ed was presented the Congressional Medal of Honor by President George W. Bush for his actions during the Battle of Ia Drang. Ed was laid to rest in the Idaho State Veteran's Cemetery, a beautiful place that overlooks a vista bounded to the south by the Snake River Valley and distant mountains, to the east and west by a vast expanse of open sky, and behind to the north, by foothills rising to meet their less-weathered relatives. The wind blows with reassuring regularity, and it seems that in this western meeting place of land and sky, at once comfortingly familiar and awe-inspiring, it is indeed an appropriate place for Ed. In a tribute written upon Ed's death, author, former war correspondent and friend Joseph Galloway said: Too Tall Ed was 80 years old when he died in a hospital in Boise, Idaho, after long being ill with Parkinson's disease. He turned down a full dress hero's funeral in Arlington National Cemetery in favor of a hometown service and burial . . . close to the rivers he loved to fish and the mountains he flew through in his second career flying for the U.S. Forest Service . . . Now Too Tall Ed Freeman, a much larger than life-size hero . . . and a much better friend than we deserved, is gone, and we are left with too large a hole in our hearts and in our dwindling ranks. When Ed spoke to a reporter in Idaho back in 2000, he recounted those 14 harrowing hours. He said, ``That Huey helicopter was my tool, and I was trained to use it. It was capable of flying into that hell hole, and I was capable of making it do that.'' When asked if he was afraid he said he ate ``franks and beans'' and chain-smoked. ``God knows how many I smoked. Till I had a blister on my tongue.'' When asked about why he volunteered for this dangerous duty, he said: ``You don't think, `I'm going to go out and win the Medal of Honor.' You're going to win a body bag if you're not real lucky.'' And, in a testament to Ed's humble nature, his comment on his heroism was simply: ``I did think I possibly did a little more than was required of me. But again, I had a job to do.'' It is a tremendous honor for me to pay tribute to Ed W. Freeman, and my condolences go to his wife Barbara, his sons, and their families at this difficult time.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through an email address set up for these stories to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, I am pleased to recognize the outstanding accomplishments of the 366th Fighter Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base in my home State of Idaho. The Gunfighters at Mountain Home earned the Air Force Meritorious Unit Award for the 17-month period from January 1, 2007, to May 31, 2008. The award is presented to active duty, Reserve and Guard units for exceptionally meritorious conduct in several areas, including outstanding services for at least three months during military operations against an armed enemy, outstanding devotion to duty and superior performance of exceptionally difficult tasks setting them apart from other units with similar missions. This award was established following September 11. According to the 366th Fighter Wing Commander, COL James S. Browne, the Gunfighters earned this prestigious honor for exceptional conduct in direct support of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, which include the historical deployment of Mountain Home AFB's F-15E Strike Eagles to Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, as well as its direct support of 600 close air support missions over the Iraq. I offer my congratulations to all members of the 366th, and commend them on a job that continues to be extremely well done. Idaho is very proud of her Air Force personnel, and remains honored to be the host of these men and women who make Idaho home during their military service. The Gunfighters' outstanding accomplishments in earning this reward reflect well on them, their units, their families and their adopted state. This award demonstrates, yet again, the outstanding commitment that our Mountain Home Air Force Base airmen have to their mission, their excellence in support and execution of the strategic goals of our military mission overseas and their unwavering defense of our Nation.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, In mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo .senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, I would like to speak tonight on the issue of energy as well. We are very fortunate that the Senate is debating the issue of energy. It is the No. 1 issue to the people of this country. Frankly, I find myself very concerned about where this debate is going. In early July, I asked my fellow Idahoans to contact me and tell me what the high prices of fuel mean in their lives. In fact, I asked them not only to tell me what it meant in their lives but what they thought we ought to do in this country--Congress as well as the rest of the country--what we ought to do about these high prices of fuel. The stories that came in were remarkable. Overnight I had 400 to 600 e-mails, and we now have over 1,200 e-mails in our office from citizens of the State of Idaho who are feeling the impact of these high prices. It is not just a minor inconvenience in their lives. The stories they tell are poignant. They are disturbing. One lady wrote in that at the end of the month she and her husband just had enough money left in their budget to either fill their gas tank or to buy their food. They made a choice to fill their gas tank because they had to have the fuel to get to work and keep their jobs. In her response she said she didn't know exactly how they were going to deal with the issue of food. Others talked about the fact that they were not able to pay for needed medicines. The pressure of fuel versus food versus medicine gets down to the basics in our society. This is not a question of whether to call off a long-planned vacation. It is not a question of whether we have to adjust to some minor inconveniences. We have already done that in our society. This is an issue of changing the quality of life in America that will probably not be able to be fixed or reclaimed if we do not respond to it properly now. As I said, I also asked my constituents to tell me what they thought we ought to do. The responses were remarkable. I think the people of Idaho have a tremendous amount of common sense. I brag on them all the time. They have come through with all kinds of suggestions about how we ought to deal with this problem, everything from the need to conserve more, to the need to use wind and solar and other renewable and alternative fuels, to the need to get more production of oil. They get it. They understand the solution to this problem is not just one thing. Another remarkable thing came across in their responses to me. They are angry. They are angry that Congress is not dealing with the issue because they blame Congress that we are in this problem. I said before, sometimes it is kind of a national pastime to blame Congress for whatever the problem of the day is, but in this case my constituents in Idaho and the rest of the public in this country are right. It is the responsibility of Congress to have established a rational, comprehensive, national energy policy for this country that can help us to be independent and strong in terms of our energy. Congress has failed to do so. America now needs to move forward. America is too dependent on petroleum as our major source of energy. For that petroleum, we are too dependent on foreign sources. America needs to treat our energy policy like we would treat an investment portfolio. We need to diversify. We need to be as conservative and as careful in the utilization of our energy as possible. We need to be as efficient as we possibly can in terms of the utilization of that energy. And we need to have broad and diverse resources of energy. At the same time that we are doing that and diversifying--and I hope we could diversify, we here in this Congress, help to establish a broad diversified energy policy--while we are doing that we can't simply say that petroleum is evil and we will no longer ever try to utilize production of oil in this country. It will take us a significant amount of time to transition to an economy that is less dependent and less held hostage to petroleum. While we are doing that, frankly, we need to recognize that we need more production of oil in the United States. So where are we today in the Senate? We have before us a bill that does one thing: it addresses the futures market, the speculation that the Senator from Vermont, who spoke before me, just talked about. It does nothing else. It seeks to find a solution to our national energy problems in one way; that is, to establish a very aggressive new regulatory regime for the futures market in our country. It does not do so in a very good way. I will talk about that in a few minutes. In fact, it does so in a way that will actually harm our economy and harm our energy security. The point is, it does only one thing. As it seeks to solve the problem, it tells the American people that we have a rifleshot solution, that we can simply pass this law and we will then fix the problems with energy prices because we will force those markets to have better prices. The solution? A new Government system of regulation that will, hopefully, control prices. Like I say, it is not going to do that, and I will talk about that in a minute. We are trying to debate this issue and bring other issues forward, and we have been stopped so far. The process in the Senate is not working. Historically, the Senate has been a place of great debate where those with ideas about how to solve pressing problems in our country can bring them forward and those who have different and competing ideas can bring their ideas forward as amendments. And, as we move forward, we would have votes on the floor of the Senate where the majority could prevail and we could craft legislation and craft policy for this Nation in the way that those who established this great country--and those who live in this great country--thought it should be done. But that is not how it is being done on this bill. We are being presented with a bill that we have now been on for, I think, 8 days. Yet we have had zero votes on any alternative ideas because the majority will not allow amendments to be brought forward in a fair and reasonable way. This chart shows what was done in previous debates in the Senate on the energy issue. When the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was considered, we spent 10 days on the Senate floor. We had 19 rollcall votes on amendments, 23 total rollcall votes on the bill, there were 235 amendments that were proposed to that bill, and 57 of those amendments were agreed to either by vote or by unanimous consent. At that time the average price of gas was just $2.26. In 2007 when we debated the Energy Independence and Security Act, we spent 15 days on the Senate floor, 16 rollcall votes on amendments, and 22 rollcall votes on the bill. There were 331 total amendments proposed during debate on that bill, 49 total amendments agreed to in that debate, and the Senate acted its will. Again, what are we doing today? For 8 days we have been trying to bring amendments forward to present some alternative ideas, additional ideas about how we should deal with energy policy in our country, and we are told no. We are told: We may allow you to have a few votes on a few selected amendments that we pick, but we will not allow a full, robust debate on amendments. We must get beyond the parameters of this bill. It has been argued that the speculation in the futures market is controlling or is driving up the price of fuel. The fact is, that is simply not the case. The problem is one of supply and demand. This chart shows what has happened to the supply of energy, of global crude from 2000 to 2008. You can see, starting in about 2004, primarily through decisions in the OPEC nations, the supply of crude oil has leveled out. Because of a decision to curtail supply, those nations that are engaging in producing the global crude are able to impact the supply and demand curves. Yet demand at that same time has not leveled out. China and India in particular are increasing their demand for fuel dramatically. The problem we face is, as the supply curve levels out and as the demand continues to grow, we see unbelievable pressures on the price of fuel. There are those who will say that is not really the way it is and really speculators in the market are driving up the price. It is possible to impact a market in a way that is abusive, and we have organizations that help us on that. But let's look what has happened so far in the speculation, the futures market, trading in NYMEX in the United States. In the speculation in the derivative markets, in the futures market, every buy must be mirrored by a sell. The theory there has been this immense new pressure for speculation in the futures market creates the impression that there have been all of these purchases that have driven up the price. But as you see from this chart, every time there was someone who thought the price was going to go up, there was someone who had to believe the price was not, who had to be the buyer or seller in that transaction. When you have the long sells and the short sells virtually mirroring each other, it indicates there is a reasonably effective functioning market. It has been said on the floor of the Senate that the experts say that speculation is driving up the price of fuel by 20 to 50 percent. The reality is the vast majority of experts are saying that simply is not the case; that we can evaluate what is happening in the futures markets and determine whether there is being manipulation. And what is the determination that is being made? A recent report by our Government agencies, including the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Reserve, the Treasury Department, and Energy Department, found that speculative trades in oil contracts had little to no effect on the rising prices over the last 5 years. The Interagency Task Force on Commodity Markets' preliminary assessment is that current oil prices and the increase in oil prices between January 2003 and June 2008 are largely due to fundamental supply and demand factors. During the same time period, activity on the crude oils futures market, as measured by the number of contracts outstanding, the trading activity and the number of traders, has increased significantly. The amount of trading in these markets has increased significantly. But while these increases broadly coincided with the runup in crude prices, the task force's analysis is that to this date there is no support for the proposition that speculative activity has systematically driven changes in those oil prices. In fact, according to the report, if a group of market participants had systematically driven up prices, detailed daily position data should show the group's position changes preceded the price changes. But the task force data indicates the changes in futures markets participation by speculators have not preceded the price changes. In fact, on the contrary, most speculation traders typically alter their position following a price change, suggesting that they are responding to the supply and demand dynamics, just as one would see in an efficiently operating market. Furthermore, the President's Working Group on Financial Markets has also weighed in on this debate. They state: To date, the PWG has not found valid evidence to suggest that high crude oil prices over the long term are a direct result of speculation or systematic market manipulation by traders. Rather, the prices appear to be reflecting tight global supplies and the growing world demand for oil, particularly in emerging economies. As a result, Congress should proceed cautiously before drastically changing the regulation of energy markets. Other experts are saying the same thing. In fact, the amount of experts who are weighing in on this today from all perspectives is overwhelming, to the point that there are very few now who are continuing this mantra that somehow we can solve all of our problems by controlling the futures markets better. The International Energy Agency states: There is little evidence that large investment flows into the futures markets are causing an imbalance between supply and demand. They go on to state, and this is something I think Americans need to hear: Blaming speculation is an easy solution which avoids taking the necessary steps to improve supply-side access and investment or to implement measures to improve energy efficiency. Others are respected in market analysis. Warren Buffett recently said: It is not speculation, it is supply and demand. We do not have an excess capacity of oil in the world any more, and that is what you are seeing in oil prices. Frankly, one of the more critical aspects of this is that investors in these markets actually provide liquidity to our oil industry. Investors play a very valuable role in the futures market by transferring risks from commercial participants such as farmers and airlines, and providing liquidity, reducing volatility, and contributing to the price discovery process. One example is Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines provides a powerful example of how investors can help companies mitigate their risk. It is called hedging, which is made possible by the participation of investors in trading oil futures. That has saved Southwest Airlines $3.5 billion since 1999. How does this work? Let's take an example of an oil producer, somebody who wants to go out and invest some money in a new oil rig or a new refinery, to engage in some production of some further resources, energy resources for the United States, and they want to get a loan for $5 billion. There is probably no source in the world that would loan them $5 billion to go out and engage in this new investment unless they were able to hedge that loan, meaning they need to go into the futures market and sell the first 3 to 5 years of production of this facility so they can show the bank or the financing institution that is going to loan them the money that they have a source of capital or cash to repay the loan. If they are not able to go into a market and make that hedge, they will not be able to get that loan. They will then not make the investment and we will not then see the production. And if there are not those who are willing to invest in that futures market, on the other side of the transaction, those who are called speculators, then we do not have the liquidity in the market for that loan to be adequately hedged. It is very important for the risk management in our economy that we do not impact our futures markets in ways that will disturb the proper functioning of a true market. Congress has enacted various tax incentives for renewable energy which also can be impacted negatively by harmful regulation of the futures market. In the same way as the example I gave with regard to those who might want to invest in an oil facility, if there cannot be adequate hedging of investments in wind and solar and other facilities such as that for which we have enacted tax incentives to try to move into renewable energy, then those investments as well without a futures market will not be able to flourish as they should. These kind of impacts, these kind of dynamics that could occur in our economy from improper regulation of the market are real. Again, some say: Well, you know, the oil companies or someone has been out there, speculators have been manipulating the futures market. Commodity prices have shot up not just in oil but across the board. This chart shows a number of commodities, from wheat to corn, to steel, to iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, platinum, all the way along, including oil. This is the line for the WTI oil, that is the futures market in oil right here. As you will see, there are many commodities that have risen in price over the past few years, from 2006 to 2008, even more so than oil. The point there is, some of these commodities are regulated or traded on futures markets and some are not. The same dynamics of supply and demand are hitting us in other commodities as they are in oil. According to Robert Samuelson, an economist and Washington Post columnist, the price of corn has increased 70 percent from 2002 to 2007; copper has increased 300 percent during the same time; steel, 117 percent. And interestingly, steel is one of those that is not traded in the commodities market. Neither is iron ore, the cost of which has recently increased by 85 percent in Chinese markets. The point here is that supply and demand, not investors, is what is driving up the prices in commodities. How else can you explain the fact that raw materials that are not traded on commodity exchanges are increasing at the same rapid pace? Let's look specifically at the crude oil issue in the next chart. Those who say it is the futures market which is driving up the price of oil would tell you this market right here, the one in red, for West Texas Intermediate, where the futures in oil are traded, is where some not normal increases are being forced, where market speculation is manipulating the price. Yet if we look at other physical crude oil grades, the West Texas Sour, Light Louisiana Sweet, the Mars, the Dated Brent, and the Dubai, they have all gone up actually higher than the West Texas Intermediate. Now, I know this is getting down into the weeds a little bit, but the point here is, every one of those other types of oil is a physical crude oil that is not traded in futures markets. There are no speculators driving up these prices or causing these prices to occur. These prices are occurring at the spot where those who produce the oil are selling it to those who use the oil. One more indication that in market after market after market, not just the futures market, but in every market, the price of oil is going up. And again the reason is because supply and demand is out of balance. Let me give you another example. Onions. In 1958 Congress had a similar issue to the one we have today. They responded to a sharp increase in onion prices by passing legislation to ban all futures trading in onions. And that law, by the way, is still law today. But there has been no stabilizing effect on the price of onions. In fact, the price of onions soared 400 percent in late 2006 and 2007, only to drop by 96 percent thereafter, and then increase another 300 percent a month later. The point is that wide volatile swings in price occur in an unregulated market or in a market where there is not a futures system where speculators can invest and provide more stability. The onion market is a perfect example. Many of the experts who are now weighing in on the oil issue are stating that if we take the opportunity for speculation in the futures markets out of the equation, then we can expect to see wider fluctuations in the price of oil. Now, is that to say there is nothing we should do in the Senate with regard to futures markets or that there can never be any manipulation or there is no reason to pay attention to this issue? No. It is possible. It is not easy, but it is possible for very concerted efforts to be undertaken to manipulate markets. That is why we have groups such as the Commodity Futures Trading Commission that are basically our cops on the beat to make sure they pay attention to what is happening in these markets and stop efforts to manipulate before they occur. So what should we do? What should we be doing in the context of this piece of the equation with regard to our securities, our futures markets? We need to be strengthening the CFTC. The CFTC has not had a significant staffing increase level since--well, let's put it this way. Their staffing levels at the CFTC are at a 33-year low. In one of the amendments we wish to bring forward, we would provide the resources for the CFTC to hire 100 new employees, enough staff so they can even more aggressively and effectively monitor what is happening in these markets, and make sure there is no effort to cause a manipulation in any significant way. In addition, before this Senate, as we speak, we have nominations for three members of the Commodities Futures Trading Commission who still languish on our docket: Walt Lukken, Bart Chilton, and Scott O'Malia. They should have been confirmed by this Senate to the CFTC months and months ago, but they languish because of partisan politics. They need to be moved forward promptly. If we are serious about wanting to oversee these futures markets effectively, then we need to put those in place who are tasked to do so, and to make sure they have the staff to be able to do so effectively. The CFTC has undertaken a number of steps recently to improve the oversight and transparency of energy futures markets, and we need to give them the resources to get the job done well. The underlying legislation is based on the premise that we can simply reach our hand in, as the heavy hand of Government and change the price of oil. The reality is the opposite. I said earlier we need a broad-based approach. Yes, let us strengthen the CFTC, but let's open the floor of this Senate, and let's allow the Senate to debate other ideas. What are some of the other ideas we need to be pursuing? For one, we need an aggressive perspective on energy efficiency and conservation. With energy and gas prices spiraling upward, America can no longer consume energy as we have in the past. In fact, energy efficiency is often called the fifth fuel because every gallon of gas not consumed and every kilowatt hour not utilized is the equivalent of one produced. The numbers are stark. If you look at the amount we have saved since 1973 through efficiency and energy conservation efforts, it is the greatest source of energy we have. It outstrips petroleum, coal, natural gas, nuclear power, and all others. We still have tremendous potential for strides forward. The estimates we have before us are that the United States can cost-effectively reduce energy consumption by an additional 25 to 30 percent or more over the course of the next 20 to 25 years. That is a significant fact. That should be a significant part of our national energy policy. The kinds of things we need to do there are the kinds of things we need to be debating and voting on and incentivizing in the Senate. The Alliance to Save Energy estimates that if the proper energy efficiency measures across the industrial, residential generation and transportation sectors were put into place, we could save $312 billion a year. The savings in the residential sector alone total $145 billion a year or $500 for every citizen over a 10-year period. An example: The new fluorescent light bulbs use one-fifth the electricity of a conventional light bulb and can save $50 apiece over the lifespan of just one light bulb. Other ways include greater appliance efficiency standards, smart grid technologies, as well as weatherization. Research and technology are key to this. In fact, one of the things we can do in our transportation sector to reduce our reliance on petroleum is to move to low-energy vehicles. Battery research is well underway, and we could move to plug-in hybrids or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles relatively soon, if this Congress would get engaged and incentivize and strengthen our commitment to that technology effort. We already have implemented new CAFE standards, which was a proper and positive step forward. My point is this: One of the first things we need to do in our rational comprehensive energy policy is to engage in conservation and efficiencies. It is our fifth source of fuel and one of our most significant potential sources. We also need to move into renewable and alternative energy sources. We have listed a sampling of them here: Hydropower, nuclear, biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, and tidal. Some of them are not at the stage where they can economically survive without support or incentives. Frankly, as a government, we need to be working in every one of those areas to do the research, the technology, and to provide incentive support for us to move aggressively into those areas. Let me give a couple examples of what we could do. Nuclear power is the only reliable base load generation that emits no carbon or other air pollutants. To supply our growing electrical generation needs, the EIA estimates at least 60 new nuclear plants are needed in the next 25 years to supplant new fossil-fuel generation. But no new plant has been built in the last 30 years. The main reason for this is the facilities are expensive to site and to build. They require enormous amounts of capital for design and construction before any profits can be realized, and our current regulatory process challenges this whole system and extends just the permitting process so long that it makes it hard financially to make it pan out. Congress could fix that. We need to be as aggressive as we possibly can to incentivize, strengthen, and expand our nuclear energy industry. Geothermal: An MIT study concluded it would be affordable to generate over 100 gigawatts of geothermal electricity by 2050 in the United States alone for an investment of $1 billion in research and development over 15 years. To give perspective, that would replace 100 coal plants. Wind: Idaho is ranked 13th in the Nation for wind energy, and global wind power currently stands at 94 gigawatts per year. China has a plan to equal that itself by the year 2020. Biofuels and ethanol: I support this diverse energy portfolio, and biomass and biofuels, conventional and cellulosic ethanol, as well as biodiesel, are one part of the solution. As concerns about the rising price of corn mount, the need for commercial cellulosic ethanol production becomes more apparent. It is estimated that 1.3 billion dry tons of biomass can be harvested annually from U.S. forests and agricultural land without negatively impacting food, feed or export demands. What that translates into is enough ethanol to replace 30 percent of the current U.S. petroleum consumption. Hydropower produces 7 percent of the U.S. electricity supply and almost 70 percent in my part of the world. It also accounts for 80 percent of the Nation's total renewable electricity generation, making it the Nation's leading renewable energy source. Hydropower turbines are capable of converting 90 percent of the available energy into electricity, which makes them more efficient than any other form of generation. The point is the United States can make great gains to, No. 1, become less dependent on petroleum and, No. 2, to generate much more energy supply, if we will get aggressive about focusing on renewable and alternative energy sources. I have gone through a few in this sampling. Having said all that, that we can do what we need to, to effectively monitor and control and manage our futures markets, that we need to focus on renewable and alternative energy sources, that we need to have an aggressive efficiency and conservation effort, does that mean we can simply ignore the price of oil? The answer is no. Let's go to the next chart. Even if we were to agree today and the President were to sign into law all these new incentives and the many things we could be doing in terms of conservation, renewable and alternative fuels and the like, it still would take several decades to transition away from being a purely almost totally petroleum-based economy. During that transition time, we still need oil. Oil is going to be key to our energy future now and for years in the future. While we transition away, we have to recognize that. But today, based on Energy Information Administration estimates, the United States is expected to spend $570 billion on imported foreign oil in 2008. If you have been watching the T. Boone Pickens ads and the information that comes on those, the estimates are even higher, as high as $700 billion. That is $500 to $700 billion that flows right out of the U.S. economy to other nations. What does a transfer of that kind of wealth mean? Every year that we send $500 to $700 billion outside the United States for other countries to produce oil and sell it to us, we erode our national security through loss of physical control over our own resources. We certainly lose jobs. Imagine the number of jobs we could have in the United States if we were engaged in production of our own oil. We increase foreign holdings of U.S. dollars that are out of our control. We have increased foreign holdings of American debt. We have a loss of domestic investment in huge amounts. Overall, we have a weakened U.S. dollar. We are sending our wealth overseas because we are too dependent on foreign sources of petroleum. Do we have the opportunity to change that? Can we do any different? Or are we in a situation where the United States does not have access to oil resources? The world is using more oil, but U.S. production has fallen to its lowest levels in 60 years. The IEA projects that global oil consumption is going to grow by 37 percent in 2030; whereas, annual oil production will need to be 13.5 billion barrels higher today to meet that increase in demand. What kind of potential do we have in the United States? Let's go to the next chart. There are a number of things we can do. The United States must be recognized as one of the strongest and most energy-rich nations, when you think about oil in the world. There has been a lot of debate about the Outer Continental Shelf. The projected OCS resources would equal almost 50 years of imports from OPEC. Think about that. Let's go to the next chart. Our OCS is estimated to have over 100 billion barrels of oil. We yearly import a little over 2 billion from OPEC nations. Simply turning to the Outer Continental Shelf instead of sending all the money we now send to OPEC nations, we could generate that oil ourselves simply on the OCS in the United States. We have Western shale oil resources. These are phenomenal. Proven American oil shale resources could provide our country with 800 billion barrels of oil, which is more than three times the reserves of Saudi Arabia. This chart shows some very interesting information. Over here is the world's proven oil reserves. I think that is 1.7 trillion barrels of oil. This is the Saudi Arabia proven portion of that. This is the U.S. proven oil shale reserve. Remember oil shale is not considered to be the same as oil. So if we were to take the oil shale and then produce it into oil, what could we start doing in comparison to the oil available in the world? This is what we know we have: U.S. proven oil shale reserves, 800 billion barrels. But there are estimates that the 800 billion barrels is low and that we actually have up to 2 trillion barrels of oil available in our oil shale reserves. Yet we send dollars overseas to get our oil. So we have the OCS and the oil shale reserves. We have the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and we have debated this in the Senate and House for years. But projected resources in ANWR would equal over 17 years of our imports from OPEC. Again, another major source of oil that the United States can access. The reason I am going through this is to show that the United States does not have to be dependent on foreign nations for our oil. We have other resources. The U.S. onshore resources--and that is not the Outer Continental Shelf but what we have right here onshore--are shown here at basically 35.5 billion barrels of oil. The yellow part NWR; the red is all the rest. Again, the comparison there is to OPEC. Yet the United States has allowed itself to become so dependent on OPEC that we transport $570 billion a year to other nations. They are not all OPEC nations, but the vast majority of it goes to OPEC nations. Another source is coal to liquids. The United States has 496 billion tons of demonstrated coal reserves, which is equivalent to almost 1 trillion barrels of oil, over 30 percent larger than the known Middle East reserves of crude oil. In fact, the United States is often called the Saudi Arabia of coal. But that may actually be an understatement, according to the American Coal Foundation, because domestic coal reserves contain more energy than that of all the world's oil reserves combined. Again, the United States has a phenomenal resource here that we are not taking advantage of. These are groups that are starting to now come forward--and this is, again, a sampling of the list--coming forward and saying the United States must get engaged in its own oil production. I know my time is running out, but the response that has been made to this is that: Well, we can't get this oil for another 10 years. In fact, some say we can't get it for another 20 years. Well, depending on the source or the specific location, whether it is the Outer Continental Shelf or the onshore sources or the oil shale, it will take 5, 10, to 15 years to bring this resource into production. My first answer to those who say: Well, this will take 10 years to get on line is that is what you said 10 years ago. In fact, it was what was said 15 years ago; it was what was said 20 years ago. We need to make the step now to begin making the United States less dependent on foreign sources of oil. It is also said we have 68 million acres of lease land that is not being produced right now. Well, let's take another look at what that means. That assumes somebody is basically hoarding acreage on leased land. The success rates for new onshore and offshore oil leases are not 100 percent; in other words, not every lease the United States issues results in oil being produced commercially. The reason is there is not oil underneath all the land. The companies that have to make the investment to go out and explore for it and then ultimately produce it don't know for sure whether there is oil under there when they purchase the lease. So it takes about 10 years of time from the purchase of the lease to go through the exploration process, and then if there is oil found, the permitting process, and then they move forward. Most of the obvious places have already been leased out. The new leases are generating onshore about 10 percent success; offshore, 20 percent; and then in the shallow offshore, 33 percent success. The point being it is far too easy to simply say: Well, we have 68 million acres of leases out there; let's rely on those. Those leases are all in the process of either being explored or being returned because they are not being produced. Let's look at the next chart. This chart shows what the status of these nonproducing leases is. For those who say let's go out and get the 68 million acres of leases and use them, right now, 50 percent of them are in the data-gathering process and they will either be produced or returned, depending on whether there is oil there that can be commercially found, but they are in the process of being pursued. Twenty-five percent they have found oil on and they are drilling or they are preparing for drilling. In another 10 percent, they have confirmed discovery and they are under construction. In 15 percent, the initial analysis is complete, and there is low commercial potential and they are likely to be returned to the Federal Government. That is the status of the ones that are currently not producing. The point, though, is those who argue we should rely totally on the current status of our lease effort are saying let's have no new production. Everything they are talking about is either in production or in exploration or in preparation for production, but what they don't tell you is that 85 percent of the Outer Continental Shelf off the lower 48 States is off limits to development. There are no leases there. Eighty-three percent of the onshore Federal lands are currently off limits or facing restrictions to development. There are no leases there. If you go back and think about the potential we have in the offshore oil, in the oil shale, in ANWR, in our onshore oil, and in the tremendous coal-to-liquids potential we have, there is no reason the United States should not aggressively seek to become energy independent in the arena of oil. There are those who say: Well, that is because the big oil companies have the Republicans in their pockets and as we heard today, there is plenty of oil being produced. We just have to look at these acres, these leases that are not being used. Again, the reality is the United States of America, since the 1970s, has said no, basically no to further production, and that is why we see us increasingly and more increasingly dependent on foreign sources of oil. In conclusion, the United States faces very serious threats to our future way of life. Our national security and our economic security are at risk. It is appropriate that we be here debating in the Senate on this issue. What is not appropriate is that ideas about all of these different kinds of production and renewable and alternative energy sources and conservation and efficiency measures are not allowed to be debated on this floor. Instead, we are told we are simply going to have a new government regulation system and the government is going to have a little more control of our markets and that is going to fix the problem of oil, and that is going to make it so the price of gas goes down. Well, it is not. I call on our leadership in this Senate to simply allow us to have a traditional, fair system of debate on the floor on the energy issue so we can debate all of these ideas. If some of them are bad, let them be voted down, but let's debate these ideas and the many ideas that others of my colleagues have about how we should solve our energy crisis in this country. I am confident if we will allow such a full and robust debate to occur, a tremendous amount of good ideas will come forward, and out of that debate will come a comprehensive, rational national energy policy that will focus on a diversification on our approach to energy and will put the United States on a sound, strong pathway toward energy independence. If we don't do that and we refuse and shut down debate and allow only some kind of a market regulatory solution to be put into place, we will find we will have fouled up our markets, caused volatility in the price of oil. We will not have done anything to generate one more drop of oil or one more kilowatt of electricity or one more energy conservation effort that would reduce the consumption of oil or electricity, and we will see gas prices continue to rise. It is incumbent upon us as Senators to call for a full debate. If we do so, the United States has the capacity, the resources, the ingenuity, and the ability to become energy independent and to become strong in the context of our energy policy. Thank you, Mr. President. Mr. President, I note the absence of a quorum.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent that today's letters be printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent that today's letters be printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, In mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent that today's letters be printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, I rise to join the sentiments of my colleagues from Georgia and Colorado who have spoken about the importance we must place as a nation on implementing an effective and meaningful energy policy in this country as quickly as possible. The United States is far too dependent in our energy policy on petroleum, and we are far too dependent in terms of the petroleum which we utilize from foreign sources. We need to diversify our energy policy, and we need to do it quickly. By that what I mean is that while we are seeking to become less dependent on petroleum, we must aggressively develop and produce our own sources of petroleum to help stabilize and control the increasing and spiraling cost of oil. We also need to look at alternative and renewable fuels. We need to strongly move into nuclear power. We need to work on conservation aggressively. It is estimated that as much as 30 percent of the world's consumption of energy could be reduced through effective conservation measures. That is another huge source of energy--simply not consuming. Yet as we have all of these alternatives and options out there, we are faced today with a bill in the Senate and a process to handle this bill that severely limits our ability to evaluate and, hopefully, adopt meaningful alternatives and to establish a sensible comprehensive national energy policy. The bill we have before us today has one item in it, and that is a regulatory change, or governance, of the futures markets, often called the speculation bill. Certainly--and I will talk about it in a moment-- certainly, we can debate whether there is a need for increased regulatory support and for evaluation and oversight and management of our futures markets. I believe there is room for that, though I believe the bill that is before us is not well written. However, while we are doing so, we ought to also take this opportunity--and Americans should be glad an energy issue is on the floor of the Senate, but we ought to take this opportunity, with a bill on the floor of the Senate, to look at the other ideas about how we should achieve energy independence. The circumstances we face now threaten not only our economic security but our national security, and Americans should cry out for this Congress to take solid comprehensive action now, not to simply face one issue that arguably is not even at the core of the need for the solutions. The Senate ought to work the way it has worked in the past. Let me give a couple of examples. Bill after bill after bill, the way this Senate has historically worked, was brought to the floor, amendments were filed, a robust debate was held on the amendments, votes were taken on many of the amendments, and at the end of the process, after the Senate worked its will, the bill moved forward for final passage. In 2005, when we were considering energy policy, that is exactly what happened. In the Energy Policy Act of 2005, there were 235 amendments proposed to the bill. Of that 235 amendments, after the process worked its way, 57 were adopted. There were 19 rollcall votes on amendments, and it took 10 days for the Senate to complete this action. Last year, as the Senate considered the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, again, there were 331 amendments filed, 49 of which were adopted. We had 16 rollcall votes on amendments, and it took 15 days on the floor, but the Senate worked its will and the ideas of Americans from all perspectives were able to be brought forward and debated on the floor of the Senate. What are we faced with now, as gas prices are over $4 per gallon in this country? A bill that brings forth one solution; namely, to regulate the futures markets, and then offers one other vote to the Republicans as an alternative. That is a far cry from the robust, full debate on policy this issue deserves in this Senate. Now, those who have brought forth the bill with regard to speculation argue that with a bill dealing with speculation alone, it could reduce the price of gasoline by 20 to 50 percent. The reality is the academics and the economists state it is not speculation; instead, it is supply and demand. Warren Buffett, for example, says: It is not speculation, it is supply and demand. . . .We don't have excess capacity in the world anymore, and that's what you're seeing in oil prices. Walter Lukken, the Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission--the Commission that monitors these issues--says: ``We haven't evidence that speculators are broadly driving these prices.'' The International Energy Agency states: There is little evidence that large investment flows into the futures market are causing an imbalance between supply and demand and are therefore contributing to high oil prices. . . .Blaming speculation is an easy solution which avoids taking the necessary steps to improve supply-side access and investment or to implement measures to improve energy efficiency. The Chairman of the Fed, Ben Bernanke says: If financial speculation were pushing prices above the level consistent with the fundamentals of supply and demand, we would expect inventories of crude oil and petroleum products to increase as supply rose and demand fell. But, in fact, available data on oil inventories shows notable declines over the past year. The point is the experts are making it clear to us that although we do need to aggressively improve the capacity of our country to conduct oversight and evaluation of our futures market to be sure manipulation is not occurring, the current situation is most likely not being driven by that speculation. That is exactly what the President's working group said to us in the letter that was sent to Senator Chambliss today. I will quote that again: To date, the President's working group-- That again is the Secretary of the Treasury, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve System, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chairmen-- To date, the President's working group has not found evidence to suggest that high crude oil prices over the long term are a direct result of speculation or systematic market manipulation by traders. The fact is supply in the world has leveled off and some fear will begin declining and demand in the world has skyrocketed. As a result, those who invest in the futures market for oil are speculating it is going to go up. If we want to address the issue, we will address supply and demand issues. Now, those of us who want to see the United States more aggressively engage in its own production are often told: Well, there is already 68 million acres of Federal land that is open for production. Let's force those lands to be where we produce and we would not then have to go look elsewhere. Well, the fallacy in that argument is that 85 percent of the lower 48 Outer Continental Shelf and 83 percent of the onshore Federal, nonpark, nonwilderness lands are off limits for exploration and production, and of that 68 million acres that is talked about, not every acre the United States puts up for exploration yields oil. In fact, the percentage for onshore leases is only about 10 percent which actually ends up ultimately being productive for oil. If you go into the offshore, the success rate is a little higher--about 33 percent--and the deep water offshore is at about 20 percent. My point is, these acreages that are being talked about that have been leased for exploration and potential production are not all going to be producing oil. In fact, the large majority of them will not produce oil. Those that are capable of successfully being put into production are aggressively being pursued. In fact, the law today requires that if they are not pursued and put into production, then the leases are lost. So for those who want to avoid the United States getting more aggressive in its own production to say: Well, we have 68 million acres, so let's go there, are missing the point. The point is, there is a tremendous amount of oil in the U.S. reserves that we could utilize to defend and protect the security of our economy and our Nation. Here are a couple examples: 14 billion barrels are available on the Atlantic and Pacific Outer Continental Shelf. What does that mean, 14 billion barrels? That is more than all the U.S. imports from the Persian Gulf countries for the last 15 years. If you look to the oil shale reserves, right now the United States has more than three times the oil reserves than Saudi Arabia in the States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming--huge amounts of reserves. When you look at the reserves we have, it is about 1.8 trillion potential recoverable barrels of shale oil, which is the equivalent to hundreds of years of supply of oil at current rates of consumption. Why should the United States continue to refuse to engage in production of our own supplies, when we can do so in ways that will protect and preserve the environment and will make it possible for us to be far less dependent on foreign sources of oil? I don't have much more time, but I think it is important for us in the Senate to recognize we truly face a crisis, and this issue should not be dealt with in a partisan manner. There are ideas across this Chamber from across this country, by many people, that range from more production to oversight and regulation of investment markets, to conservation, to electric cars and other types of efficiencies, to a number of different ideas, many of which are very helpful and can be a part of the solution. Wind and solar and other alternative and renewable fuels need to be incentivized, but we will not get there if the debate is restricted, If the people of this country are denied the opportunity for the Senate to engage in a robust effort to develop a comprehensive national energy policy, it is my sincere hope that, as we move forward, we will be allowed to have an open amendment process, where Senators can vote their conscience on a broad array of solutions and that we can then send a strong, powerful bill to the President and a powerful message to the market. I yield the floor.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Madam President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo .senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo.senate .gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have today's letters printed in the Record.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that following my remarks, Senator Landrieu be recognized.

Mr. CRAPO

Mr. CRAPO. Madam President, in mid-June, I asked Idahoans to share with me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by the hundreds. The stories, numbering over 1,000, are heartbreaking and touching. To respect their efforts, I am submitting every e-mail sent to me through energy_prices@crapo .senate.gov to the Congressional Record. This is not an issue that will be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. Their stories not only detail their struggles to meet everyday expenses, but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can do now to tackle this problem and find solutions that last beyond today. I ask unanimous consent to have the following letters printed in the Record.