Sheila Jackson Lee

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. I would be happy to yield.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, as we begin to commemorate and celebrate the founding of this Nation, what a great Nation, July 4 brings all Americans together. We stand strong. We are bold and we are proud. I am proud to be an American. But I petition this government, this Congress, this President that we must resolve the Iraq crisis. Our soldiers are defined as they are, warriors for justice. But when you have a complete collapse of government, as was evidenced in the last 24 hours, suicide bombs, car bombs, an enormous toil and toll of lives being taken, our soldiers emerged in neighborhoods, sitting as sitting ducks, it is time to bring our troops home. And as long as we remain tone deaf to the American people, we undermine the values of this Nation that indicates we all are created equal. It is time to bring our troops home from Iraq. It is time for a new policy and a new direction.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong support of H.R. 1281, the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007. H.R. 1281 will hopefully go a long way in addressing a variety of election irregularities that have arisen in recent elections, including deceptive practices, voter intimidation, voter disenfranchisement, and an overall lack of trust in the electoral process. Mr. Speaker, protecting the right to vote of all Americans is of paramount importance to me. The most fundamental aspect of American citizenship is the right to vote and to have full confidence that the vote is counted. Thousands of people have bled and died for the right to vote and their sacrifices shall not be in vain. Whenever this body is presented with inquiries to determine whether our voting system has been compromised in any manner, we have a solemn duty to investigate such matters. As many of you know, election reform became a central issue in the wake of the irregularities identified in Florida in the 2000 Presidential Election. In June 2001, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, an independent bipartisan agency charged with monitoring and protecting voting rights, reported that ``credible evidence shows many Floridians were denied the right to vote.'' After analyzing the 179,855 ballots that were invalidated, and finding that fifty-three percent (53%) were cast by black voters, the Commission concluded that in Florida, African-Americans were 10 times as likely to have a vote rejected as a white voter. This concern helped lead to the passage in 2002 of the Help America Vote Act (HAVA). The Judiciary Committee held hearings on the legislation, and members of our Committee participated in the Conference Committee. Since the enaction of HAVA, concern about deceptive practices and election irregularities have not abated. There have been numerous published reports about these incidents in both the 2004 and 2006 elections. There are also a number of reported incidents that were not addressed by the HAVA legislation. These include the following: Ohio--There were numerous reported irregularities in Ohio in the 2004 election, which led me to conduct a review and issue a much-cited report entitled, ``What Went Wrong in Ohio.'' The irregularities identified included: 1. Newly registered voters in Lake County received letters informing them that their registrations were illegal and that they would be unable to vote. The letter was sent on falsified Lake County Board of Elections letterhead. 2. An elderly couple living on the North Side of Columbus received a call informing them that their polling place had changed and that they should vote ``on the other side of town.'' The caller claimed to be a representative of the Franklin County Board of Elections. When the elderly couple called the board to verify the change, they learned that others in the area had received deceptive phone calls, including offers to hand-deliver absentee ballots to the Board of Elections office. 3. The misallocation of voting machines led to lines of 10 hours or more that disenfranchised scores if not hundreds of thousands of predominantly minority voters. In Franklin County, 27 of the 30 wards with the most machines per registered voter showed majorities for Bush, while 6 of the 7 wards with the fewest machines delivered large margins for Kerry. 4. Then-Secretary of State Kenneth Blackwell's decision to restrict provisional ballots resulted in the purging of tens if not hundreds of thousands of voters. In Hamilton County, this resulted in the result where hundreds of voters who showed up at the right polling place, but were directed to the wrong table by election workers, had their ballots thrown out. 5. Mr. Blackwell's rejected voter registration applications based on paper weight. Ironically, forms obtained from the Secretary of State's office did not comply with his own paper weight directive. 6. Preelection ``caging'' tactics, selectively targeting 35,000 predominantly minority voters for intimidation. The Third Circuit has previously found these activities to be illegal and indirect violation of consent decrees barring the targeting of minority voters for poll challenges. North Carolina--In 2004, more than 4,500 votes were lost because of a mistake in voting machine capacity. In Carteret County, these votes were lost because officials believed that a computer that stored ballots electronically could hold more data than it did. Louisiana--In 2002, flyers stating voters may cast their ballots 3 days after the election ``if the weather is bad,'' were distributed in public housing complexes in New Orleans. South Dakota--In 2004 in South Dakota, Native American voters were prevented from voting for failing to provide photographic identification upon request, despite the lack of such requirements under state or federal law. Arizona--Latino voters in Pima County, Arizona were reportedly met at multiple polling places with a man who claimed he was ``bent on discovering'' how many illegal immigrants were voting in the 2004 primary election. Dressed in a black shirt with the image of a badge and the words ``U.S. Constitution Enforcement'' on his back, the man carried a camera and video recorder holstered in a tool belt as he entered polling places, looking for ``anomalies.'' Wisconsin--In the days leading up to the 2004 presidential election, voters in Milwaukee's African American neighborhoods received flyers from the fictional ``Milwaukee Black Voters League.'' The flier falsely claimed that individuals could be found ineligible to vote due to traffic violations, the criminal records of family members and voting in a previous election during the year.'' Voters were also warned that violations of such ``laws'' could result in a ten-year prison sentence or forced separation from one's children. Virginia--Voters in eight Virginia counties were apparent victims of attempts at intimidation just before the 2006 election. Some received messages from callers claiming to be from the non-existent ``Virginia Elections Commission,'' telling them of incorrect voter registration information and possible criminal charges for voting. Other callers falsely claimed to represent a federal campaign and told voters that their polling places had changed, sometimes to addresses that did not exist. California--In 2006, Latino voters in Orange County, California, received mailings from the ``California Coalition for Immigration Reform,'' falsely warning them in Spanish that ``if you are an immigrant, voting in a federal election is a crime that can result in incarceration.'' Maryland--In 2006 certain candidates distributed fliers in predominantly African-American neighborhoods falsely claiming that the candidates had been endorsed by their opponents' party and by prominent African American figures. Florida--In 2004, over 4,000 potential voters, including students at the University of Florida and Florida A&M University, discovered their party registrations had been switched and their addresses changed. Changed addresses could have barred them from voting because they would have shown up at the wrong polling place. Pennsylvania--In Pittsburgh, fliers printed on county letterhead stated that ``due to immense voter turnout expected on Tuesday,'' the election had been extended: Republicans vote on November 2, and Democrats vote on November 3. Across the country, voters received similar fliers in the 2004 presidential election. 1. Pennsylvania and Illinois/Abusive Robo-Calls--The media also detailed numerous instances of prerecorded phone calls designed to confuse voters. These misleading calls were made late in the evening, or during the night, in an apparent effort to generate anger at particular candidates. According to the Associated Press, one individual ``received three prerecorded messages in four hours. Each began, `Hello, I'm calling with information about [candidate] Lois Murphy [in the Philadelphia area].' '' The Philadelphia Daily News reported that ``[t]he calls, which begin by offering `important information about Lois Murphy,' are designed to mislead voters into thinking the message is from her.'' In Illinois, The Barrington Courier-Review reported that a resident received the following phone call--``Hi. I'm calling with information about [Candidate] Melissa Bean.'' She received the same call a total of 21 times since October 24. Others reported receiving the same calls, none of which were paid for by Ms. Bean's campaign. Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to join me in support of H.R. 1281 to make the necessary changes that will ensure the highest level of voter integrity.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in proud support of H. Res. 361, as offered by my distinguished colleague from California and chair of the Congressional Entertainment Caucus, Congresswoman Diane Watson. This resolution recognizes and honors the life and lifetime accomplishments of Jack Valenti, while also expressing condolences of the House of Representatives to his family on his death. Having served as a long- time president of the Motion Picture Association of America, Jack Valenti deserves no better tribute than that of being honored by members of the United States Congress. Mr. Speaker, Jack Valenti began his political career during the era of the ``Great Society.'' He briefly served as the first special assistant to President Lyndon B. Johnson during his tenure in the White House. However, he resigned from the White House commission In 1966, when he respectfully earned the position as President of the Motion Picture Association of America. Nevertheless, public admiration of this prominent young man followed him from his tenure in politics, unto his career in the film industry and thereafter. Jack Valenti was born in Houston, Texas on September 5, 1921. During the era of World War II, Mr. Valenti served as a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Corps, flying 51 combat missions as the pilot- commander of a B-25 attack bomber. It was also at this time that he received four decorations--the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with four clusters, the Distinguished Unit Citation with one cluster, as well as the European Theater Ribbon with four battle stars. His educational attainments are marked with his graduation from high school at the age of 15, the youngest high school graduate in his city. He took several years hiatus to work in the field of oil and gas, as well as to serve his Nation as a pilot in the Army Air Corps. He later went on to earn a Bachelors of Arts degree from the University of Houston, where he worked full-time during the day and attended undergraduate courses at night. He continued to advance his education by obtaining a Masters in Business Administration from Harvard University. In 1952, Valenti assisted in the co-founding of an advertising/political consulting agency. It was this agency that led the press during President John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson's Dallas, Texas visit in 1963. Valenti's legacy is prevalent through his invention of the movie/film rating, which is still used today. Such a vision and innovation not only transformed the movie industry, but also provided guidance for families, protection for children moviegoers and their parents, as well as safeguard for our filmmakers. Mr. Speaker, among many things, it will be the vision and character of Mr. Jack Valenti that will greatly be missed. Rarely are we given the opportunities to recognize and honor the lifetime accomplishments of our American heroes, as well have today. For this reason, I ask my colleagues to rise and join me in honoring the life and lifetime accomplishments of the late Jack Valenti. We who knew and loved him will always remember him as a gentleman, a man with boundless energy, a leader in our Nation, a wartime hero, a proud father and a loving husband, a political consultant, and a movie industry powerhouse. He was one in a million and will greatly be missed. Today, I ask that we join in recognizing Valenti as one of the greatest contributors to the motion picture industry and honoring him for his service, accomplishments, and contributions to our Nation. I also ask that we extend our deepest condolences to his family--wife, Margaret, and children, Alexandra, John and Courtenay.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong support of H.R. 2286, the ``Bail Bond Fairness Act of 2007.'' I urge my colleagues to join me in voting to report this legislation favorably to the House. I am confident that working together we can address and resolve the real challenges regarding bail bond practices in the Federal judiciary. H.R. 2286 reforms the current practice of placing performance-based pretrial release conditions on bail bonds. This practice apparently has had the unintended consequence of prompting some commercial bond underwriters to avoid the Federal system and placing a heavy risk on family and friends of defendants who would collateralize property to satisfy a bond. As a result, many defendants are being incarcerated pending disposition of their criminal cases who would otherwise not be confined. H.R. 2286 restores bail bonds to their historic purpose by prohibiting the forfeiture of a bail bond in all situations except for a defendant's failure to appear. It does this by amending Rule 46(f)(1) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by striking ``a condition of the bond is breached'' and inserting ``the defendant fails to appear physically before the court.'' The bill, however, preserves a judge's ability to revoke a defendant's bail status and order pretrial detention should a defendant violate any condition of pretrial release. Mr. Speaker, to better understand the problems in the Federal bail bond system and to evaluate the efficacy of the H.R. 2286, this subcommittee held a legislative hearing at which we heard from an impressive panel of witnesses, which included: The Hon. Robert Wexler, Congressman, Florida 19th District; the Hon. Ric Keller, Congressman, Florida 8th District; Ms. Linda Braswell, MCBA, Braswell Surety Services, Inc., Stuart, Florida; and Hon. Tommy E. Miller, Magistrate, United States District Court, Eastern Virginia. Mr. Speaker, it is important for us to remember that the right to bail is guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Historically, the sole purpose of affording bail to a defendant is to ensure the defendant's appearance in court. In recent years, however, Federal judges have taken to merging the purposes of bail with other conditions of release and in many cases have been ordering bonds forfeited even in cases in which the defendant actually appears in court as ordered. The bail is ordered forfeited by the court upon a determination by the court that the defendant failed to comply with some collateral condition of release. In support of these forfeiture determinations judges rely on Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 46(f) as authority. For example, if the defendant uses illegal drugs, fails to maintain a job, travels beyond a certain area, the defendant's bail may be revoked, and the defendant returned to jail and the bond forfeited. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 46(f) has been upheld by the courts against challenge. For example, in United States v. Vaccaro, 51 F.3d 189 (9th Cir. 1995), the court held that the rule 46(f) authorized bond forfeiture for violation of collateral conditions of release and not simply for failure to appear. Moreover, courts have cited congressional failure to act to change this ruling as ratification that it is correct. Mr. Speaker, the consequences of forfeiting bond as a method of monitoring a defendant's performance rather than for its historically narrowly tailored purpose are several. First, because bond writers are forced to consider the defendant's performance and behavior while on pretrial release, the risk to bond agents has increased dramatically, forcing them to adhere to strict underwriting guidelines. The strict guidelines adversely and disproportionately affect poor and disadvantaged defendants by exacerbating the difficulty in obtaining pretrial release. This means, of course, that only defendants with significant assets are afforded the benefits of pretrial release. Poor defendants are therefore incarcerated before conviction, even those who pose no significant risk of flight and no threat to the public. Second, family members of the defendant or anyone willing to raise collateral to help procure a bail bond for a loved one are also put at undue risk. This is because a person who puts up his or her home or other assets as collateral may nevertheless lose their property even if the defendant attends court appearances and is not a threat to the community. Thus, fewer friends and family are willing to assist in procuring a bond and those who do may unjustly lose their assets. Mr. Speaker, a third unintended consequence of this practice of bail forfeiture for collateral pre-trial release violations places an undue financial burden and physical strain on the prison system. Last, revoking a defendant's bond for performance issue such as unemployment reduces considerably a defendant's incentive to make court appearances. Consequently, bond revocation for a performance matter has created a flight risk of a defendant who otherwise may not have been. In short, placing performance-based conditions on a bail bond strays from the historic purpose of a bail bond, which is to ensure the appearance of a defendant before the court as ordered. The avowed intent of H.R. 2286, sponsored by Congressman Wexler, is to restore bail bonds to their historic purpose by prohibiting the forfeiture of a bail bond in all situations except for a defendant's failure to appear. It does this by amending Rule 46(f)(1) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by striking ``a condition of the bond is breached'' and inserting ``the defendant fails to appear physically before the court.'' The bill, however, preserves a judge's ability to revoke a defendant's bail status and order pretrial detention should a defendant violate any condition of pretrial release. Mr. Speaker, I urge all members to support this much needed and thoughtful legislation.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of H. Res. 189, which puts the House on record in support of a ``Welcome Home Vietnam Veteran's Day.'' This resolution honors members of the United States Armed Forces who fought in Vietnam from 1961 to 1975. In 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in the District of Columbia to commemorate those members of the United States Armed Forces who died or were declared missing-in-action in Vietnam. March 30 would be an appropriate day to establish as Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day. More than 3 million Americans served in Vietnam, and nearly 58,000 lost their lives there. From mountain peaks to tropical rainforest, American soldiers served in hostile country and fought a war for which they were not trained. It was a war of savage, small-unit fighting unlike any other in American history and in a stunning outcome, American soldiers won all of the major battles. About 58,148 men were killed, mostly between the ages of 20 and 29, but some as young as 16 years old. About 2.9 million men in total were involved in the fighting. The average soldier--infantryman--saw about 240 days of combat in 4 years, thanks to the mobility of the helicopter. As an American, I am very proud of the courageous members of the United States Armed Forces who fought in this war, even though they were not sure of the purpose, to help stop what seemed to be the spreading of Communist beliefs and values. I am more than grateful to the men who gave so that we would be able to live as free as we do today. These men were brave, high spirited, and fearless. These men did something that most Americans never had to do. They risked life and limb in defense of their countrymen. They deserve to be honored for their efforts. This resolution gives credit where credit is due. It will give Americans a chance to reflect on the men, women, and their stories that were short changed during this difficult time in our history.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Madam Speaker, I would like to thank the Chairman and Ranking Member for holding this very important hearing to discuss and investigate a possible breakdown in security procedures or the lack of adequate safety measures sufficient to safeguard against and minimize a potentially very serious public health security threat, namely the contraction of the extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). I would also like to take this time to welcome our witnesses, Dr. Martin S. Cetron, Dr. Jeffrey W. Runge, and Mr. W. Ralph Basham, (accompanied by Jayson P. Ahern). Mr. Chairman, 2 weeks ago, Mr. Andrew Speaker, an individual known to be infected with multi-drug resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was subsequently confirmed to be infected with extensively drug resistant- tuberculosis (XDR-TB). He disregarded a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to seek medical treatment in Italy, and returned to the United States by altering his flight itinerary, flying to Canada, and then driving through the U.S.-Canada border. A number of homeland security and public health processes were utilized to manage the situation and failed at a variety of points. The purpose of this hearing is to provide Members with the opportunity to (1) determine where weaknesses exist with homeland security processes designed to prevent entry into the U.S., (2) explore the inefficient interactions between the Department of Homeland Security (the Department) and the CDC when addressing public health security issues, and (3) identify areas for immediate and longer term improvement. According to current U.S. public health policy, the CDC must be apprised when MDR-TB appears also to be extensively drug resistant so that the CDC can provide laboratory confirmation of XDR-TB. A very important question immediately comes to mind in Mr. Speaker's case: given the increasing incidence and prevalence of all types of TB, including MDR- and XDR-TB, should the CDC have been apprised sooner? Mr. Chairman, in urgent matters such as preventing the spread of potentially serious and very harmful public health risks such as XDR- TB, time is most certainly of the essence. In January, Andrew Speaker, a 31-year-old Atlanta lawyer, fell and hurt his ribs. He received an X- ray, revealing an abnormality in the upper lobe of his right lung. This suggested tuberculosis. Speaker began meeting regularly with Fulton County health officials for treatment. In early March, Speaker underwent a procedure to get a sample of sputum from his lungs. By the end of the month, lab cultures revealed he had tuberculosis (TB). Though it is still unclear, it appears that the CDC was not notified of these events until May 17 when it was called in to test for XDR-TB. Health officials determined Speaker had a multiple-drug resistant (MDR) form of TB. According to press accounts, Fulton County health officials called the Georgia Division of Public Health (GDPH) on May 10, but gave the impression that the problem was ``largely hypothetical'' The GDPH then made a call to the CDC. Some questions still persist and will hopefully be answered in this hearing. It is extremely important to know when the CDC was notified about Speaker's case of MDR-TB. It is also helpful for this Committee to know what the formal procedure by which the CDC was asked to perform its analysis. It is reported that the CDC was called in to test for XDR-TB on Thursday May 17. Was this the proper protocol to follow? If not, why wasn't the CDC asked to perform the analysis earlier? Notifying the CDC of potential public health threats in a timely manner is also important because the sooner the CDC is notified the sooner public safety authorities can put measures in place to protect the public. Had the CDC been notified, the CDC may have been able to prevent Mr. Speaker from traveling and subjecting the public to potential risks of contracting XDR-TB. As the Chairwoman of the Transportation Security and Infrastructure Protection, what I find even more alarming is the fact that the Transportation Security Administration was not notified until after the incident took place; after he had already posed a threat to the lives of hundreds of Americans and non-Americans. Had the TSA received forewarning, the identity of Mr. Andrew Speaker could have been disclosed in such a manner and he would have been placed on the ``no- fly'' list. Mr. Speaker was simply given too many opportunities to create a public health crisis in this country and abroad. On May 12, Speaker departed Atlanta on Air France flight 385. Speaker arrived in Paris on May 13. On May 14, Speaker flew from Paris to Athens on Air France flight 1232. Speaker flew from Athens to Thira Island on Olympic Air flight 560 the following day. The CDC called in to test for XDR-TB. On May 17, the GDPH was notified that Speaker had flown overseas. Four days later, tests came back positive for XDR-TB. Meanwhile on that same day, Speaker flew from Mykonos to Athens on Olympic Air 655 and then he flew from Athens to Rome on Olympic Air 239. Mr. Chairman, questions still persist about the ability of the Federal Government to quarantine an individual. DHS officials told Committee staff that Federal officials do not have the authority to quarantine. This is inaccurate. The President may issue an executive order for federal isolation and quarantine for the following communicable diseases: cholera, diphtheria, infectious tuberculosis, plague, smallpox, yellow fever, viral hemorrhagic fevers, and SARS. What are the policies and procedures to implement a quarantine/isolation, and what is the role of DHS? We must ensure that we provide public health security policies and guidelines that result in the highest level of precautions against public health threats. There is an old saying that it is better safe than sorry.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in strong support of H.R. 2397, to reauthorize the women's entrepreneurial development programs of the Small Business Administration, and for other purposes. I would first begin by applauding my esteemed colleague from Oklahoma, Congresswoman Mary Fallin, for her work on, and undertaking of this important piece of legislation. The SBA Women's Business Programs Act of 2007 will help to restore the goal of the Federal Government to award grants to Women's Business Centers, originally operating as a non-profit organizations in conjunction with institutions of higher learning. This bill will also restore the balance of funding between new and existing Women's Business Centers, originally envisioned at the start of the program. Women Business Centers (WBCs) are community-based projects that are funded by the U.S. Small Business Administration through grants that require matching funds. They provide long-term business skills training, counseling, and mentoring to benefit emerging and existing small businesses that are owned and controlled by women, especially those who are socially or economically disadvantaged. Its goal is to continually ensure that those WBC's that are indeed serving an unmet need in their underserved communities remain sustained. They also work to provide valuable technical assistance to women entrepreneurs. The SBA's Women's Business Programs Act of 2007 authorizes the National Women's Business Council to conduct annual studies on problems hindering the success of women entrepreneurs and to submit reports to the President and the House and Senate Small Business committees. By offering a three-tiered system of funding and lower caps on spending for older business centers, SBA hopes to make certain that a balanced percentage of the funding is used to support both new and existing business centers. This system will offer assistance to newly established centers, while slowly reducing the older centers dependency on federal grant funds. Grants awarded to these business centers in their first 5 years were awarded with the intention that after this 5-year period had ended, the center would be financially self-sustaining. These grants were not intended to be a source of permanent funding. With that said, one of the main objectives of the SBA has been to provide direction and resources to those desiring to start and expand their small business firms. As once stated by the House Small Business Committee Chairwoman Nydia M. Velazquez, ``today's small business owners are leading the way when it comes to job creation and economic development in communities nationwide. [H.R. 2397] will ensure that the needs of the drivers of our economy--small businesses--are met.'' This legislation dedicates resources to strengthen centers and ensure stability in the program. I rise today to support, as well as to encourage my other colleagues to join Representative Fallin and myself in helping to increase the effectiveness of Women's Business Centers nationwide by supporting the SBA Women's Programs Act of 2007, H.R. 2397. I thank you once again, Representative Fallin, for introducing this important piece of legislation. I am looking forward to witnessing the tremendous effects and positive results that this bill has to offer.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Madam Chairman, this place, this House is always at its best when Members of the United States Congress work together. And I want to congratulate the chairwoman of this committee and the ranking member of this committee for working together. Most people don't understand that the legislative branch creates an atmosphere of hospitality in this place. As I look and see the number of visitors that we have, your responsibility is to secure them and to welcome them. Let me thank you personally for the task that you have undertaken. I want to thank you for the increase in the House Child Care Center, and I hope that our community does not criticize the fact that we are family friendly so that employees have the opportunity to have child care. I want to thank you for supporting the Speaker's Green Initiative because we, too, must do what we ask Americans to do. And, of course, the brave men and women that serve us, I welcome the increase in the Capitol Police, and I also look forward to their continuing to address the questions of discrimination and equality as they increase the numbers of police. Let me join in the words of Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton and hope that we will challenge, if you will, the GAO to be responsible in its dealings with its employees and unionization. But I came today to be able to offer to the American public the sense of pride and the sense of humbleness that I am now experiencing because of your grand leadership and that of the Appropriations Committee. And my good friend Congressman Jesse Jackson and, of course, members of the Congressional Black Caucus signed a letter, which I was proud to sign, because this picture reflects something that is near and dear to Texas. My good friend comes from Tennessee. He knows that we have a lot of continuity or connection between Tennessee and Texas and the good State of Florida. But we celebrated this week the Emancipation Proclamation. We celebrated, in particular, Juneteenth. Those of us in the South remember Major General Gordon Granger coming 2 years late to indicate that we might be free. Isn't it wonderful that now we will name the Visitors Center, and we hope for our good friends in the other body to be as reasonable, the Emancipation Hall. I went through the hall just outside this door before I came to the floor, and I saw the name of William Jennings Bryan. I saw the name Wheeler of Alabama, Huey Pierce Long, Lew Wallace, Sequoyah, Sam Houston. I met a woman who told me about her grandfather, Levi Coffin, who had helped slaves in the Underground Railroad. Her name was Ms. Holt. She was just standing there talking to me. That's what naming the Emancipation Hall means to America. It reflects the wholeness of America, the wonderment of our history, the dignity of our history. Yes, slaves built this place, but all Americans will be able to go into Emancipation Hall, and it will symbolize the freedom of this Nation. I am so grateful that we have come to this place at this time. I ask my colleagues to support this legislation, Emancipation Hall. Madam Chairman, I rise in support of H.R. 2771, the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act of 2008 and to commend Chairwoman Wasserman Schultz for her leadership in shepherding this bill though the legislative process. This legislation funds the House, Senate and various entities in the legislative branch, including the Library of Congress, the Capitol Police, the Government Accountability Office, and the Government Printing Office. But it does more than that, Madam Chairman. The bill provides funding for ``Greening the Capitol'' to reduce carbon emissions from the operations of House buildings and the Capitol. It makes the necessary investments for critical health and safety needs by funding security upgrades and addressing health hazards and safety requirements in law. In short, this legislation demonstrates a commitment by the new Democratic majority to increased oversight, accountability and fiscal responsibility. H.R. 2771 appropriates $3.1 billion for legislative branch entities, including $1.2 billion for House operations and $1.9 billion for legislative branch agencies and other offices. The total provided is $275.7 million (8 percent) less than requested by legislative offices and agencies and only $122.2 million (4 percent) more than comparable FY 2007 funding. Nearly 25 percent of this increased funding is directly attributable to costs associated with the 2008 presidential election and subsequent inauguration. Following the long-established practice that each house of Congress determines its own housekeeping requirements without interference from the other body, the bill contains no funding for Senate operations. The bill appropriates $1.2 billion for operations of the House of Representatives, which is $36.5 million (3 percent) less than requested, but $54.1 million (5 percent) more than current funding. The total for the House includes $581 million for members' offices, also known as MRA's, 5 percent more than current funding, but 5 percent less than requested and $162.8 million for House committees, 8 percent more than current funding and 4 percent more than requested. The bill also provides $169.4 million for the various House officers and employees, including the Clerk of the House, the Sergeant at Arms, and the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), 8 percent more than current funding, but 3 percent less than requested. H.R. 2771 provides $21.1 million for joint House-Senate items, 13 percent less than current funding and 23 percent less than requested, when the recent June 8 supplemental request for the Capitol guides is taken into account. The appropriated amount includes $9.4 million for the Joint Committee on Taxation, 7 percent more than current funding. Madam Chairman, H.R. 2771 provides a total of $1.9 billion for other offices and legislative branch agencies that directly or indirectly support congressional operations. This funding is $71.2 million (4 percent) more than current levels but $232.8 million (11 percent) less than requested. Among the agencies this bill funds are the Architect of the Capitol; the Capitol Police; the Library of Congress; the Government Printing Office, the Congressional Budget Office, and the Government Accountability Office. For the Architect of the Capitol, the bill provides $348.4 million, 9 percent less than current funding and 12 percent less than requested. Included in the bill is $27.5 million for the Capital Visitors Center. I cite with particular approval that the bill renames the center's Great Hall as ``Emancipation Hall'' in remembrance of the slave labor that created this mighty edifice. Earlier this week, the House passed H. Con. Res. 155, which recognized the historical significance of June 19, 1865, or ``Juneteenth,'' the oldest known celebration of the ending of slavery. On June 19, 1865, Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, TX, with news that the war had ended and that all slaves were now free. But this was 2\1/2\ years after President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation--which had become official January 1, 1863. Madam Chairman, I suppose it may just be another irony of life that the U.S. Capitol was rebuilt during the Civil War and completed around the time of Juneteenth. This magnificent symbol of democracy, freedom, and equality could not have been brought in to being without the blood and sweat and unrequited toil of slave labor. For much of our history the contributions to our country by slaves and their descendants has not been fully acknowledged. But in renaming the Great Hall to the Capitol Visitor Center as ``Emancipation Hall,'' we begin to rectify this error. It is a wonderful thing we are doing. The bill also provides $3.9 million to implement the ``Green the Capitol'' initiative, including $2.7 for shifting from coal to natural gas for heating in the Capitol power plant, and the report requires the House CAO to purchase carbon credits. The bill also requires the hiring of an inspector general. The bill provides the Capitol Police $286 million, which is $13.1 million (4 percent) less than requested, but $20.3 million (8 percent) more than current funding. The Library of Congress is slated to receive $572.5 million, $63.8 million (13 percent) more than the current level, but $89.1 million (13 percent) less than requested. There is $125.8 million for the Government Printing Office; $37.8 million for the Congressional Budget Office (CBO); and $503.3 million in net funding for the Government Accountability Office (GAO). The bill does not contain any earmarks as defined under House rules. To conclude, Madam Chairman, I strongly support H.R. 2771 because it makes the necessary investments for critical health and safety needs by funding security upgrades and addressing health and safety hazards. I support this legislation because it reflects the commitment by the new Democratic majority to increased oversight, accountability and fiscal responsibility. I thank Chairwoman Wasserman Schultz for her fine work in bringing this exceptional legislation to the House floor where it should receive an overwhelmingly favorable vote.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of H. Con. Res. 155, which recognizes the historical significance of Juneteenth Independence Day, and expresses the sense of Congress that history should be regarded as a means for understanding the past and more effectively facing the challenges of the future. June 19th also known as Juneteenth, is the oldest nationally celebrated commemoration of the ending of slavery in the United States. From its Galveston, Texas origin in 1865, the observance of June 19th as the African American Emancipation Day has spread across the United States and beyond, yet it is still not a nationally recognized holiday. On January 1, 1980, Juneteenth became an official Texas state holiday through the efforts of Al Edwards, an African American state legislator. The successful passage of this bill marked Juneteenth as the first emancipation celebration granted official state recognition. Representative Edwards has since actively sought to spread the observance of Juneteenth all across America. Today, Juneteenth commemorates African-American freedom. This special day emphasizes education and achievement. It is a day, a week, and in some areas, a month marked with celebrations, guest speakers, picnics and family gatherings. It is a time for reflection and rejoicing. It is a time for assessment, self-improvement and for planning the future. Its growing popularity signifies a level of maturity and dignity in America long overdue. In cities across the country, people of all races, nationalities and religions are joining hands to truthfully acknowledge a period in our history that shaped and continues to influence our society today. Sensitized to the conditions and experiences of others, only then can we make significant and lasting improvements in our society. The Civil Rights movement of the 50's and 60's yielded both positive and negative results for the Juneteenth celebrations. While it pulled many of the African American youth away and into the struggle for racial equality, many linked these struggles to the historical struggles of their ancestors. This was evidenced by student demonstrators involved in the Atlanta civil rights campaign in the early 1960's, who wore Juneteenth freedom buttons. Again in 1968, Juneteenth received another strong resurgence through the Poor People's March to Washington, DC, Rev. Ralph Abernathy's call for people of all races, creeds, economic levels and professions to come to Washington to show support for the poor. Many of these attendees returned home and initiated Juneteenth celebrations in areas previously absent of such activity. In fact, two of the largest Juneteenth celebrations founded after this march are now held in Milwaukee and Minneapolis. Throughout the 80's and 90's Juneteenth has continued to enjoy a growing and healthy interest from communities and organizations throughout the country. Institutions such as the Smithsonian, the Henry Ford Museum and others have begun sponsoring Juneteenth-centered activities. In recent years, a number of National Juneteenth Organizations have risen to take their place alongside older organizations--all with the mission to promote and cultivate knowledge and appreciation of African American history and culture. Juneteenth today celebrates African American freedom while encouraging self-development and respect for all cultures. As it takes on a more national and even global perspective, the events of 1865 in Texas are not forgotten. The future of Juneteenth looks bright as the number of cities and states come on board and form local committees and organizations to coordinate the activities. Now in 2007, I push forward with the hope that my colleagues will remember with compassion the African American citizens who helped build this country, but were still held in illegal bondage due to the hatred, bigotry and cruelty of others. I ask that my colleagues help support this resolution and its efforts in making Juneteenth a nationally recognized holiday.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Madam Speaker, I rise today in support of H. Res. 257, which puts the Congress on record in support of the goals and ideals of Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month. I commend the gentleman from Pennsylvania, Mr. Platts, for introducing this important resolution. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most serious of cancers, it is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the United States; and is the fifth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It is responsible for 90 percent of deaths for those who develop the disease. The incidence of pancreatic cancer is 50-90 percent higher in African Americans than in any other racial group in the United States. Not only is pancreatic cancer more common among African Americans, but African Americans also have the poorest prognosis of any racial group because they often are diagnosed with advanced, and therefore, inoperable cancer. African Americans also are less likely to receive surgery than any other racial group in the United States. Many studies have been conducted to determine why there is an increased risk of pancreatic cancer among African Americans. These studies suggest that environmental and socioeconomic factors may be important. Other risk factors for pancreatic cancer that are more common in African Americans include diabetes mellitus and being overweight. It is heartbreaking to see people of ``minority'' status suffering from pancreatic cancer. It is a very deadly disease, but not common enough for everyone to be screened for it. The symptoms are vague and non-descript usually until the disease is so advanced there is little that can be done. We know that cancer can be deadly, but early detection is crucial. We also know how tragic the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer can be because of its rapid decline in the individual that has this particular disease. I know firsthand from a prominent citizen in my community, someone who was vibrant and contributing, who suffered through the disease of pancreatic cancer, having good days and bad days, having recoveries and then relapses. So I believe it is extremely important that we support the goals and the ideals of Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month. The deadliness of this particular form of cancer goes far beyond the average citizen's comprehension. That is why education and awareness is crucial, and a month of Pancreatic Awareness is a good start to the educational process about the disease and the people who have it. For these reasons I strongly urge my colleagues to support this resolution.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. To the chairman of the Foreign Affairs, Foreign Relations Appropriations Committee, let me thank you for your leadership, and to the ranking member as well. Mr. Chairman, I think we know the story of Liberia. And I want to applaud the new President of Liberia, who has visited us, someone who understands economics and is committed to the success of this nation. She cannot, however, do it without friends. Liberia has an enormously important nexus to the United States. It was where slaves were returned back to the Continent of Africa after having been enslaved here in the United States. I look forward to reenergizing the relationship, not only with the continent, but also, particularly with the nation of Liberia after a very troubling and very violent time. Our new President of Liberia is tracking all of the needs, accounting for all of the dollars. My amendment simply seeks to reallocate an additional $5 million for the Republic of Liberia of the $365 million Development Assistance account. The net effect would be to increase developmental assistance to the Republic of Liberia to $35 million. Let me explain why this would be a wise investment. We have heard recently from Bob Johnson, the former chairman of BET, who has taken a special interest, private sector initiative in Liberia. And if I recall his remarks correctly, he believes that Liberia can be on the precipice of a rebirth. It can be on the precipice, if you will, of a renaissance of economic development, educational achievement and infrastructure repair. In 2003, 14 years of civil war left Liberia in shambles. Nearly 200,000 civilians have died. Nearly one-third of the population, or 1 million citizens, have been displaced. And 300,000 have fled the country. Women are involved on all sides of the war from combat to slavery to rape. Child soldiers were involved in this terrible, horrific tragedy. Physical violence often accompanied the rape. A highly regarded survey of six selected Liberian counties revealed that roughly 7 percent of women have been raped during the war, although female minors were frequently targeted. The war ended, and as I indicated, we now have a woman President. Liberian President, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, underlines this in her statement to the 2006 International Symposium on Sexual Violence. ``In studies conducted in many of the countries of Liberia in 2004, a large percentage of women and girls reported that they were victims of various forms of violence.'' This reprogramming of dollars will refocus on the need for developmental assistance that will be able to assist those who are making their first steps, their first steps of achievement, both business-wise, education-wise and building up the confidence of women, men and families, turning child soldiers into constructive, giving adults, and participating with President Sirleaf's commitment to moving Liberia forward as a shining star on the continent. I know they know how to do it, but we need to give them the extra added tools, and to be able to emphasize in this bill that their development is key. I ask my colleagues to consider where Liberia has been, where Liberia is today, and where they will be 20 years from now. I believe in President Sirleaf and the commitment of Bob Johnson, the Clinton Foundation, and many others who have targeted the Liberian people and the Liberian Government as an achievable goal of economic developmental, educational, political democracy that can be again the shining star. I ask my colleagues to support this amendment that will provide this extra direction for developmental assistance in Liberia. Mr. Chairman, I have an amendment at the desk and I rise to speak in support of this amendment to H.R. 2764, the State and Foreign Operations Appropriations Act of 2008. But before I do, let me commend Chairwoman Lowey for her exceptional leadership in shepherding this bill through the legislative process. The legislation she has so ably crafted is an indispensable measure in restoring America's international prestige and leadership position in the global community. Equally important, this legislation reflects what is good about America: its generosity, its concern for the less fortunate, its commitment to protecting the weak and uplifting the downtrodden, and the recognition that we live in an interdependent world. You will recall the wise counsel of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who said, ``we will either live together as brothers or we will perish as fools.'' Mr. Chairman, my amendment is simple. It simply seeks to reallocate an additional $5 million for the Republic of Liberia out of the $365 million Development Assistance account. The net effect would be to increase developmental assistance to the Republic of Liberia to $35 million. Let me explain briefly why this would be a wise investment. In 2003, fourteen years of civil war left Liberia in shambles. Nearly 200,000 civilians had died. Nearly a third of the population, or one million citizens, had been displaced, and 300,000 had fled the country. Women were involved on all sides of the war from combat to slavery to rape. Physical violence often accompanied the rape. A highly regarded survey of six selected Liberian counties revealed that roughly 7 percent of women had been raped during the war. Moreover, female minors were frequently targeted. The war ended more than 4 years ago but the plight of Liberia's women is still problematic. Rape and domestic violence continue to plague Liberia. Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf underlines this in her statement to the 2006 International Symposium on Sexual Violence in Conflict and Beyond: ``In studies conducted in many of the counties of Liberia in 2004, a large percentage of women and girls reported that they were victims of various forms of violence and abuse. International organization reports show that a large percentage of these women were raped.'' Mr. Chairman, traditional Liberian culture stigmatizes rape, so victims often choose to stay silent, hiding what they see as a shameful and incriminating experience from their family and townspeople. Until recently, Liberian government courts had no systems in place to assist rape survivors. Traditional culture around rape was one of shame for women and acceptance for men. But times are slowly changing. And it began with the historic election of President Sirleaf, Liberia's first female head of state. Raised in Liberia and Harvard-educated, President Sirleaf began her long involvement with the Liberian government as its Assistant Minister of Finance during the 1970s. She went into exile after a military coup destabilized the country in 1980, but returned to Liberia to run for Senate 5 years later. When she was running for Senate, she was briefly imprisoned for speaking out against Liberia's leader at the time, Samuel Doe. You will remember how she described her capture and close encounter with rape when she addressed a joint session of the Congress on March 15, 2007: ``In 1985, after challenging the military regime's failure to register my political party, I was put in jail with several university students who also challenged the military rule. This House came to our rescue with a resolution threatening to cut off aid to the country unless all political prisoners were released. Months later, I was put in jail again, this time in a cell with 15 men. All of them were executed a few hours later. Only the intervention of a single soldier spared me from rape.'' Mr. Chairman, I would hope that my amendment would result in additional funding to secure women rights and prevent violence against women. Securing and protecting women's rights is something the Association of Female Liberian Lawyers fights for every day. AFELL, an organization of female lawyers based in Monrovia, is on a mission to educate and represent women nationwide. Founded during the first civil war, 1989-1996, AFELL grew in prominence during the second conflict, which lasted from 1999 to 2003. In November 2000, with fighting still active, AFELL won a state patent to prosecute rape cases. Before this, Liberian law only allowed state lawyers to prosecute criminal cases. The patent represented a major success for AFELL. This was the first in a series of victories. AFELL later collaborated with the government to increase penalties for rape. Resulting legislation led to more punitive rape laws that call for 10 years to life imprisonment for rape. Mr. Chairman, the Republic of Liberia has made great progress in recent years but still much work remains to be done. Listen again to the words of President Sirleaf: ``In the campaign months, I traveled to every corner of our country. I trudged through mud in high boots, where roads did not exist or had deteriorated past repair. I surveyed ruined hospitals and collapsed clinics. I held meetings by candlelight, because there is no electricity anywhere--including the capital--except from private generators. I was forced to drink water from creeks and un-sanitized wells all of which made me vulnerable to the diseases from which so many of our people die daily.'' Mr. Chairman, the women and children of Liberia want what we all want for those we love. They want to learn. They want to be safe from violence. They want to be healthy. They want the same chances that men have. They want to be literate. They want their work recognized. They want the right to inherit property. They want protection against rape. They want clean water that won't sicken and kill their children. They want a hopeful future. I believe my amendment will help hasten the day when these dreams are realized. Mr. Chairman, thank you this opportunity to discuss my amendment to H.R. 2764. I ask all members to support it. Again, I thank Chairwoman Lowey for her fine work in bringing this exceptional legislation to the House.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Will the gentlewoman yield?

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Chairman, I offer an amendment.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Let me begin by thanking the chairwoman and her staff and the vice chairman of the committee for working with my office, and of course the ranking member and their staff. It is evident how hard this committee has worked on a very broadband, wide-reaching initiative as it relates to appropriations in the foreign relations, foreign affairs of this Nation. As a member of the authorizing committee, we recognize that this committee touches the heartbeat of every aspect of the world's business, and the importance of the United States in creating internationalism for the greater good of the world. As I listened to Mr. Payne, my amendment falls squarely in track of improving the health conditions of Africa and recognizing the need for hospitals that in fact will respond to a number of issues. My amendment reallocates an additional $5 million to the Child Survival and Disease Fund to increase the amount of funds appropriated for child and maternal health. The purpose of this amendment is to direct additional funds for technical assistance to provide capacity-building for hospitals in Africa that deal with child-surviving and other relevant needs. We have been, if you will, screening the research annals across this Congress to try to find out how many full-service hospitals are on the Continent of Africa. Some have said 200, some say I know that there's one in Sierra Leone. Some say they know there's one in South Africa. But I can assure you that the plight of women who are pregnant in Africa is a severe plight. Take, for example, that every minute somewhere in the world, a woman dies from pregnancy-related causes, with 95 percent of those deaths occurring in Africa and Asia. Worldwide, about 529,000 women die from pregnancy-related causes every year. A woman in sub-Saharan Africa has a 1 in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy or childbirth. Part of the care and prevention of such is preventative care, the money that is in this particular account. But I also believe part of it is the importance of building full-capacity hospitals that deal with women in the maternal aspect as well as in the pregnancy aspect. And so this amendment seeks to provide that opportunity. And I might cite, as an example, the Mutombo Hospital in Kinshasa, Congo. It is a hospital that has 300 beds, three operating rooms, an outpatient clinic, an emergency room, a pharmacy. You cannot find that, Mr. Chairman, across Africa. Therefore, I believe there is a definitive need to provide them technical assistance so that we don't have to guess what number of hospitals are in and on the continent, but we will know that they look somewhat like this, with operating rooms, with expansive facilities to provide treatment for mothers and babies, treatment that will be lifesaving. Madam Chairwoman, let me simply say that I had an experience in a hospital in Africa. One of my first medical experiences was to require sutures in an accident in Africa. Let me thank those medical professionals who helped me be here today, but I want you to know that I was laying out on a wooden slab and looking through tattered curtains and looking at the sky as the doctors were working on me. That was the hospital that I was in on the continent. I do not say it in degradation or insult. What I say is I would venture to say that if we go to Africa today, and many other countries, the kinds of facilities that are there reflect that kind of lack of resources. This will help not only in maternal and child survival because of the loss of life of mothers who are pregnant and who give birth with facilities that would provide hospital resources, but it will also, if you will, give encouragement to the continent, as has been done by the hospital in Kinshasa, Congo, Mutombo, who I hope will also be, as they say, ``in the mix'' on providing opportunities for others to see what can be done. I hope that this amendment will be accepted because it will go a long way for expanding the lives of mothers and children, but it will also go a long way for ensuring that we believe in good hospital care, excellent hospital care across the Continent of Africa. Mr. Chairman, I have an amendment at the desk and I rise to speak in support of amendment #2 to H.R. 2764, the State and Foreign Operations Act of 2008. I would first like to thank Chairwoman Lowey for her extraordinary leadership and guidance in crafting this bill. H.R. 2764 will play a crucial role in restoring the global respect to this country that many around the world had so eagerly rewarded it in the past for its historical humanitarian efforts. America, that beacon upon the hill, will shine a little bit brighter amongst those who will through this bill, be able to get healthcare, and whose very lives are dependent upon such care. Among these spared lives are many, many children and women who would needlessly perish from the perils of poverty without our support. Mr. Chairman, sparing lives of children and women starts with ensuring that they have adequate healthcare. That is why I offer my amendment which provides: on Page 29, line 1, after the dollar amount, insert (increased by $5,000,000) (reduced by $5,000,000). In offering this amendment, my intent is to increase the amount of funds appropriated for child and maternal health by $5,000,000. The reason that I urge support for increased funds for child and maternal health is that the greatest threat for the quality of life for our children all around the world is lack of health care for the mother and child. In the United States, the birth of a child in most instances is a time of joy because the mother and baby go home from the hospital together, healthy and happy. Sadly, however, in poor countries childbirth can be dangerous and potentially tragic for both mother and child. Take, for example, that every minute, somewhere in the world a woman dies from pregnancy-related causes, with 95 percent of these deaths occurring in Africa and Asia. Worldwide, about 529,000 women die from pregnancy-related causes every year--about the number of women and girls who live in Dallas, Texas or San Diego, California. A woman in sub-Saharan Africa has a one in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy or childbirth. Mr. Chairman, with less than 200 full-service hospitals, Africa desperately needs our assistance because without it, Africa will continue to fall far short of providing the necessary and proper life saving healthcare for its population. About 3.4 million babies die every year due to poor maternal health and inadequate delivery care. In addition, an estimated 100,000 women a year in poor countries develop obstetric fistulas, a condition caused by obstructed labor and creates permanent holes in their bladders that cause continual leaking of urine. Every year, more than 10 million children under the age of five die from totally preventable deaths. Some are directly caused by illness such as pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria. Others are caused by indirect causes including conflict and HIV/AIDS. Malnutrition, poor hygiene and lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation contribute to more than half of these deaths. What is even sadder, Mr. Chairman, is that two thirds of both neonatal and young child deaths--over 6 million deaths every year--are preventable. Half a million women die in pregnancy each year, most during delivery or in the first few days thereafter. Obstructed labor, hemorrhaging, and infection, can all be averted provided a woman has access to safe and appropriate pre-natal care. Madam Chair, the increased funds from my amendment would be dedicated to providing women with this vital care. Specifically, these funds would contribute to capacity building for hospitals in Africa which engage in child- survival and maternal health programs. We have seen the positive impact that these facilities have made within the health care environment. Professional basketball star Dikembe Mutombo established the Biamba Marie Mutombo Hospital and Research Center, a hospital that provides desperately needed healthcare to the impoverished population in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. At full capacity, it will include 300 beds and will offer the following services to the population: pediatrics; gynecology/obstetrics/women's health; internal medicine; surgery (general and subspecialties); emergency medicine; intensive care; outpatient care; laboratory services; and radiology. Existing low-cost, low-technology and high impact interventions such as vaccines, antibiotics, micronutrient supplementation, insecticide- treated bednets, improved breastfeeding practices and adoption of safe hygiene practices can prevent unnecessary maternal and child deaths as well as reduce malnutrition. By packaging services and implementing at scale, high impact and evidence-based maternal, newborn and child survival interventions, we can save millions of lives. As I stand here today, I reflect upon my visit to Honduras in 2001, and I remember how important the child and maternal health crisis was, and now recall how that it was in part the impetus behind my founding of the bi-partisan Congressional Children's Caucus in 1997. As I have done since 1997, I will continue to make it a priority to support initiatives that protect the health and welfare of children worldwide. Mr. Chairman, the success in reducing infant and maternal mortality and reducing family size and nutrition strongly depends on support from this noble nation. I strongly urge my colleagues to support this amendment that will go a long way to save the lives of many women and children.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. I appreciate the accepting of this amendment, and I look forward to working with you as we go to conference. Laying the groundwork for the infrastructure of health care on the continent goes a long way in saving lives. I thank you for your leadership and the leadership of the ranking member. I ask my colleagues to support the amendment.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Will the gentlewoman yield?

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. I believe when we focus the great work that you've done on a particular area, it encourages our newly elected woman President of Liberia, which we hope and pray for her ultimate success for her people and for the Continent of Africa. I thank the gentlelady for accepting the amendment.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Chairman, I offer an amendment.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Chairman, I rise in support of H.R. 2764, the State-Foreign Operations Appropriations for FY 2008 and to commend Chairwoman Lowey for her exceptional leadership in shepherding this bill through the legislative process. I strongly support this legislation because it is an indispensable measure in restoring America's international prestige and leadership position in the global community. Equally important, this legislation reflects what is good about America: its generosity, its concern for the less fortunate, its commitment to protecting the weak and uplifting the downtrodden, and the recognition that we live in an interdependent world. You will recall the wise counsel of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who said, ``we will either live together as brothers or we will perish as fools.'' Mr. Chairman, I support H.R. 2764 because it rests upon a solid foundation supported by four pillars or guiding principles: (1) the United States must respond to humanitarian suffering and health crises; (2) the United States should set an example for the world in providing development assistance because development efforts play a crucial role in increasing global stability; (3) the United States must continue to make addressing global HIV/AIDS a key priority; and (4) the United States must increase its efforts to support its allies in the global war on terror. This legislation accomplishes all of these goals and does so in a fiscally responsible manner. In fact, the $34.2 billion dollars appropriated in H.R. 2764 is substantially less--$700 million less--than the amount requested by the administration. Mr. Chairman, as founder and co-chair of the Congressional Children's Caucus I am constantly reminded of the importance of programs to enhance the health of women and children the world over. In fact, the best way to improve the life chances of poor children living in the poorest countries is to elevate the quality of maternal health of their mothers. In Sub-Saharan African countries, 1 out of every 14 girls entering adolescence will die before the end of her childbearing years. More than 11 million children will die before reaching their fifth birthday from preventable causes like pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria, and malnutrition. That translates to about 30,000 children deaths a day. It is unconscionable to lose these lives when they can be saved with low- cost interventions. Mr. Chairman, during my last visit to the United Nations I was proud to attend the United Nations Special Session on Children, where I pledged my commitment to improving the lives of children over the next decade. H.R. 2764 takes a big step toward fulfilling this commitment. The bill provides $1.9 billion for the Child Survival and Health Programs Fund, intended to reduce infant mortality and to improve the health and nutrition of children, especially in the poorest nations. This is an increase of 25 percent over the administration's short- sighted request. In addition the bill allocates $750 million in grants to organizations that support basic education programs, $300 million for safe water programs, and $501 million for environment and clean energy programs. Mr. Chairman, perhaps nowhere on earth is America's commitment to its fundamental values more on trial than in the crucible of human misery and suffering that is Darfur in Sudan. Since 2003, we have witnessed a systematic campaign of displacement, starvation, rape, mass murder, and terror in the Sudanese region of Darfur. In the years since the conflict began, we have commemorated the 10th anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, but promises of ``never again'' ring empty as genocide is allowed to continue in Sudan. As violence persists despite peace treaties and African Union peacekeeping efforts, now is the time to follow admirable rhetoric with definitive action to stop the violence in Darfur. The Government of Sudan, through both support of the Janjaweed militia and direct military action, is responsible for systematic assaults against civilians belonging to the Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups. In the past 4 years, the genocide in Darfur has claimed more than 450,000 lives and has displaced well over 2 million civilians. While some of these have made their way to over-crowded refugee camps in neighboring Chad, most remain trapped within Sudan. These displaced persons are completely dependent on international aid for their survival, the arrival and distribution of which has been impeded by the Sudanese Government. It has been nearly a year since the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1706, authorizing the deployment of 20,000 U.N. peacekeepers to bolster the 7,000-strong African Union force already active in the area. It has now been over a year since I traveled to Chad and walked across the border to Sudan. I had the opportunity to meet with these African Union troops, who pleaded for expanded peacekeeping authority and the resources to protect the refugees from violence. In addition to the ongoing suffering of civilians within Sudan, the violence has now spilled across the borders into both Chad and the Central African Republic, and is undermining any prospects for stability in the entire region. Relations between Chad and Sudan have rapidly deteriorated, and, in addition to the flood of refugees moving across the border, the two nations have become locked in a proxy war. Chadian rebel groups, based in Darfur and supported by the Sudanese Government, have been launching cross-border attacks on civilians in Chad since late 2005. Similarly, fighting between rebels and government troops has displaced over 70,000 people in the northeastern region of the Central African Republic. The situation in these neighboring nations has deteriorated to the point where the United Nations is working towards the deployment of a peacekeeping force to these two countries. In short, the humanitarian crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan also continues. International observers, including the Bush administration, have determined what is taking place in Darfur is genocide. As we demonstrated in Kosovo, once roused to act in the face of evil, America will be resolute and triumphant. That it is why I am so pleased that H.R. 2764 provides $210.5 million for critical humanitarian and peacekeeping programs in Darfur, which is 90 percent above the President's request. The bill also provides an additional $738.8 million, $4 million above the President's request, for Sudan, primarily for development assistance to build the economic base and strengthen democratic institutions in southern Sudan. The bill prohibits any funds for the Sudanese Government unless the Secretary of State certifies that Sudan has ended all support for Arab militias attacking black Muslims in Darfur and unless Sudan allows unimpeded access for humanitarian assistance. Likewise I welcome the $1.3 billion in funding provided in the bill for U.N. peacekeeping missions. These funds will support peacekeeping operations throughout the world. The bill also provides $293 million, which is 31 percent above FY 2007 and 33 percent above the President's request, for targeted peacekeeping operations, missions that are of particular interest to the United States. This total includes an additional $100 million, not requested by the President, to provide critical support to the African Union Peacekeepers in Darfur. Mr. Chairman, when it comes to HIV/AIDS, we are talking about a tragedy of epic proportions, domestically and internationally. In my home State of Texas 3,298 new AIDS cases were reported in 2006, fourth highest in the country. Texas also claims the fourth largest population living with AIDS, nearly 30,000 people or 14.7 per 100,000. Of these new cases in Texas, nearly 42 percent involved African Americans. HIV/ AIDS is an issue that affects all of us, according to the U.N., 2.9 million people died of AIDS in 2006; further there are now 39.5 million people living with HIV around the world. The $5.1 billion provided in H.R. 2764 for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care programs, TB and Malaria assistance programs is desperately needed to resolve human suffering. It is also 33 percent above FY 2007 and 13 percent more than the President requested. Mr. Chairman, as a member of the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia, I know how important it is for the United States to be engaged in the quest for peace in the Middle East. That is why I am pleased that the bill provides $2.4 billion in assistance for Israel, our strong ally, and the only flourishing democracy in that region. Another key ally, Egypt, warrants our continued assistance. H.R. 2764 provides $1.3 billion for military grants and $415 million in economic assistance. However, the bill withholds $200 million of the military grants until the Secretary of State certifies that Egypt is taking steps to address human rights concerns by reforming its judiciary and training its police, as well as addressing concerns about smuggling of weapons from Egypt to Gaza. Since Egypt has proven itself over the years to be a reliable friend and partner in the search for peace, I am confident that the Secretary of State will soon be able to make their required certification. While there will be those who have the view that the war in Afghanistan is over and we should shift our view, the truth is that Afghanistan is as vital to our Nation now as it was shortly after September 11. Operation Enduring Freedom was a success in removing the Taliban leadership and giving the Afghan people new hope; however our work there is far from done. We must ensure that Afghanistan has a bright and productive future ahead of itself, in which peace and prosperity will be possible. The bill provides $1.1 billion in humanitarian, reconstruction and related assistance to Afghanistan-- including $235 million in counternarcotics funding and $75 million for programs specifically related to helping women. The measure withholds all but $225 million of the economic support funds until the Secretary of State certifies that the national and local governments in Afghanistan are fully cooperating with U.S.-funded narcotics eradication and interdiction efforts. Although there is legitimate concern about what appears to be the Pakistani Government's disappointing progress in the area of democratic governance and the rule of law, we must remember Pakistan has proven to be a strong ally during both the cold war and the current global war on terror. Pakistan's strategically important location and the firm support of President Musharraf have played a major role in toppling the Taliban regime and preventing it from regaining power in Afghanistan. Pakistan is an important part of our national security and critical to regional stability. The bill provides $350 million for general economic assistance and $300 million in foreign military financing for Pakistan. Additionally, through various cooperative efforts between the United States and Pakistan, there has been a marked improvement in such fields as economic trade and investment, health care, democracy human rights, education, and science and technology. Colombia is a vital partner and ally of the United States. Recognizing the strategic importance of Colombia as I do, I strongly support the $530.6 million provided for drug interdiction and eradication efforts in Colombia, coupled with economic development assistance for drug-affected communities in Latin America. Finally, Mr. Chairman, let me speak approvingly about the bill's funding of key State Department operations. H.R. 2764 fully funds the President's request of $1.8 billion for ongoing security upgrades to ensure that our embassies remain safe and secure for the tens of thousands of military and civilian staff serving in roughly 260 posts worldwide. Additionally, the bill provides $501 million, which is 11 percent above FY 2007 and 3 percent above the President's request, to fund the participation of over 42,000 individuals in educational, cultural and professional exchange programs worldwide. I know the value of these exchange programs. In fact, last year I attended the 6th Annual Doha Forum in Qatar as an invited panelist at a special symposium focusing on this very subject. To conclude, Mr. Chairman, I strongly support H.R. 2764 because it is an indispensable measure in restoring America's international prestige and leadership position in the global community. I thank Chairwoman Lowey on her fine work in bringing this exceptional legislation to the House floor where it should receive an overwhelmingly favorable vote.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Chairman, I rise to speak in strong support of H.R. 2641, the ``Energy and Water Appropriations Act of 2007.'' I also rise to express my sincere appreciation to Mr. Visclosky, the chairman of the Energy and Water Subcommittee and his Ranking Member, Mr. Hobson of Ohio, for working together in a constructive effort to renew America's dependence on foreign oil and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, this bill merits our support because it increases the Nation's commitment to long-term basic research by increasing the Federal investment that is so critical to developing the next generation of scientific breakthroughs. Federal funding for research and development has declined steadily over the last decade, and sound science has been compromised by political interference. This legislation takes a giant step toward reversing this disturbing trend. Mr. Chairman, in the 1970s, our Nation faced an energy crisis unlike any we had ever experienced before. The OPEC oil embargo of 1973 led to skyrocketing prices, long gas lines, gas sales only every other day, and shortages where gas was simply unavailable. We experienced another oil shock in the late 1970s and under the leadership of President Jimmy Carter, America responded with unprecedented initiatives for energy research. But over the years, gas prices came down, incentive was lost, and these efforts fell by the wayside. Today, we again face an energy crisis, only this time it is coupled with the enormous challenge of addressing the reality of global climate change. H.R. 2641 attempts to face these twin crises with over three billion dollars to address global climate change--researching its effects and working on technologies to slow it down--and investment in renewable energy programs that both reduce greenhouse gases and help our Nation meet its energy needs. The bill cuts funding for poorly thought-out plans for nuclear weapons recognizing that because of the enormous cost and the importance to our national security they require smart strategies not blank checks. Instead it works to keep Americans safe with a 75 percent increase in funding for nuclear non-proliferation efforts. It also funds the Army Corps of Engineers, strengthening our Nation's navigation infrastructure and improving flood control programs. Before I highlight some of the more attractive provisions of this legislation, which by the way contains no earmarks, let me explain briefly why this energy and water legislation is so near and dear to the people I represent in the 18th Congressional District of Texas. In the past 2 years, Houston, the center of my district, has experienced some of the most devastating acts of nature in its history. Six years ago this month, in June 2001, Tropical Storm Allison hit Southeast Texas. Until Hurricane Katrina, this storm would become the costliest tropical storm in U.S. history. Flash flooding initiated quite rapidly during Houston's rush hour late Friday afternoon and on into the evening hours. Widespread street flooding was the initial threat, but the high rainfall amounts forced almost all the major Houston area bayou systems into severe flooding, with some to record levels. All major freeways in the Houston area were severely flooded at at least one location during this event. During this single event alone, rainfall in Harris County ranged from just 2 inches in the extreme west to in excess of 20 inches over Green's Bayou in the east. Countywide, the average rainfall was 8 inches with over two-thirds of the county receiving over 10 inches. The total damage across Southeast Texas approached $5 billion ($4.88 billion in Harris County alone). Twenty-two deaths were caused by Allison, with each of these fatalities occurred in Harris County. At this time, thunderstorms began to train and merge across the Houston metro area, and the system evolved into a powerful complex right over the most populated portion of our CWA that evening. This complex progressed south and east into the early morning hours of Saturday, June 9. Very heavy rainfall was observed for up to 10 hours in some locations, and rainfall rates of 4 inches or more per hour were observed throughout the night. A station in northeast Houston recorded over 26 inches of rain in almost 10 hours. In response, the Tropical Storm Allison Recovery Project was launched. TSARP is a joint study effort by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, and the Harris County Flood Control District, the District. The purpose of the TSARP project is to develop technical products that will assist the local community in recovery from the devastating flooding, and provide the community with a greater understanding of flooding and flood risks. The end product of the study is new Flood Insurance Rate Maps. TSARP mission statement is: To assist residents of Harris County in recovery from Tropical Storm Allison and minimize damages from future floods by investigating the flood event and by developing current, accurate, and timely flood hazard information. TSARP used state-of-the-art technology. TSARP has yielded many products that will help us better understand our flood risk. These products will assist citizens in making important decisions, and will assist public agencies in infrastructure planning. The hoped for end result of TSARP is a more informed and disaster resistant community and one that is better prepared. Purchasing flood insurance before June 18 allowed people to ``grandfather'' their existing floodplain status and pay lower premiums for flood insurance. Once the maps became official on June 18, residents and business owners whose properties are categorized in higher-risk flood zones on the new maps may pay higher rates. According to FEMA, a ``Regulatory Floodway'' means the channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height. Communities must regulate development in these floodways to ensure that there are no increases in upstream flood elevations. For streams and other watercourses where FEMA has provided Base Flood Elevations, BFEs, but no floodway has been designated, the community must review floodplain development on a case-by-case basis to ensure that increases in water surface elevations do not occur, or identify the need to adopt a floodway if adequate information is available. FEMA regulations say ``Communities must regulate development in these floodways to ensure that there are no increases in upstream flood elevations.'' The City of Houston interprets that as no development within the floodway. This is not necessarily correct. Construction can take place but it cannot obstruct the water. Elevating the structure gets the same effect but the city denies this as they said (debris may collect under the structure). They will only allow a remodeling permit if the improvements do not exceed 50 percent of the structures value. There is one neighborhood along White Oak Bayou that is greatly affected. The homes are of higher value than most of the district. Alternatives to resolve their issue includes widening the bayou or diverting floodwater. The Harris County Flood District is now investigating these alternatives. Otherwise, the only solution would be a change in the city's ordinance allowing construction in the floodway. I am looking forward to working with colleagues on the Energy and Water Appropriations Subcommittee to explore ways and means of resolving this problem so that Houstonians will not be forced out of their homes and unable to afford flood insurance. Mr. Chairman, let me provide this partial listing of some of the many good provisions in this legislation. First, H.R. 2641 will improve U.S. waterways and flood protection by increasing funding for the Army Corps of Engineers by $713.4 million above the President's request to address a $1 billion backlog of operations and needed maintenance. This backlog needs to be addressed to sustain the coastal and inland navigation infrastructure critical to the U.S. economy, and the gaps in flood protection highlighted in Hurricane Katrina. Second, the legislation will help reduce dependence on foreign oil and cut greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable energy and energy efficiency programs are funded at $1.9 billion--a 50 percent increase in energy efficiency and renewable energy programs. This is in addition to the additional $300 million added in the FY 2007 joint resolution. In contrast, the President's FY 2008 request for renewable energy and energy efficiency research is the same as it was in 2001 in real terms. Funding for research and development of alternative fuels such as corn based and cellulosic ethanol and biodiesel is increased by 40 percent above the President's request. Solar Energy demonstration projects receive a 34 percent increase above the President's request. There is also $22 million to research new ways of generating power from water flow, and $44.3 million for geothermal energy, neither of which were funded in the President's request. (This is on top of the $95 million for upgrades to existing hydropower dams funded under the Army Corps.) I could go on and on. This thoughtful legislation provides funding to invest in new vehicle technology; energy efficient buildings; weatherization; carbon capture and sequestration; and climate change science. And it cuts wasteful spending as well. For example, H.R. 2641 directs the Energy Department to develop a concrete plan to improve its contract management. The Energy Department has been on the GAO list of programs that are at high-risk for waste, fraud, abuse and mismanagement for seventeen years in a row. The bill also cuts Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, GNEP, funding by $285 million below the President's request and $47.5 million below 2007 for this initiative to reprocess spent nuclear fuel and burn long- lived radioactive materials. There are concerns that this project is unsafe, will cost tens of billions of dollars, and could make it far easier for terrorists to obtain plutonium to make nuclear weapons. The bill also secures substantial savings by cutting wasteful and unnecessary nuclear weapons programs by $5.9 billion, $632 million below the President's request and $396 million below 2007. It cuts to 37 specific weapons program accounts, including the Reliable Replacement Warhead program. The existing stockpile will continue to provide the Nation's nuclear deterrent for the next two decades, and certainly until the President develops a strategic nuclear weapons plan to transform the nuclear weapons complex away from its expensive Cold War configuration to a more affordable, sustainable structure. Mr. Chairman, I strongly support H.R. 2641 and urge my colleagues to join me. I thank Chairman Visclosky for his fine work in bringing this exceptional legislation to the House floor where it should receive an overwhelmingly favorable vote.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, allow me to take a moment of personal privilege to acknowledge the chairman of the full Judiciary Committee. It has only been a little over 6 months, or almost 6 months, that Mr. Conyers has taken the realm of this august body. And I think if history is to be accurate, to recount the volcanic change that has come about on the life-changing legislative initiatives that have been able to be moved out of this committee, we recognize that hate should not be applauded, but it should be made illegal. We have confronted the issues dealing with the creativity of America, addressing the questions of patent reform. We are looking closely at the idea of how do we find a balance on the issue of immigration. We are listening, we are learning, we are sympathetic. We are, in fact, what the Judiciary Committee, one of the oldest committees, was really intended to do: to listen to the grievances of people and be able to find relief. Let me thank the ranking member of the subcommittee, the ranking member of the full committee, for they have partnered on a number of initiatives, and we have found, sometimes, common ground. Today I rise on that very shining example of a common ground. Allow me to thank Congressman Hulshof of Missouri for his passion and his commitment, and Mr. Sykes, who was a witness and who humbly said he was simply a public servant, someone who thought this idea was long in coming. And so why we are here today is to talk about what many of you perceive as a television program called Cold Cases. I wish it was as simple as that. On that program, you do see the impact on families, but it is, in fact, a television program. Today, we speak of lives, lives long left on the dusty road of unsolved crimes, lives that are broken, torn, full of tears, looking for just a semblance of justice and hope in America. Maybe they were thinking of the words of Winston Churchill when he spoke to President Roosevelt in the dark ways of World War II, ``Give us the tools, and we will finish the job.'' That is what this bill does today; it gives the tools to America's prosecutors to pick up the broken pieces of the civil rights movement. In 1989, we put together a memorial for those who had lost their lives in the civil rights era. They lost their lives not because they were criminals, not because they were caught in an unfortunate accident, but they lost their lives because they were on the battlefield for justice. They were murdered because they were active in the civil rights movement. They were killed by organized hate groups as acts of terror aimed at intimidating blacks and civil rights activists of many different colors and religious backgrounds. Their death, like the death of Emmett Till, helped to galvanize the movement by demonstrating the brutality faced by African Americans in the South. It is an era of terror which all of us have come to stand against, proudly so, which makes you very proud to stand here as an American, frankly, the greatest country in the world. For we have traveled a blood-stained road, but yet as we've traveled it, there have been those who have tried to go back and be able to bring us forward, united, arm in arm together, sweeping across America talking about the injustices of the past, but looking forward to the future for our children. And so this bill is in tribute to the likes of Rita Bender, a witness who was brought before this committee. It was in recognition of the lives that we have heard of, Schwerner, Goodman and Chaney, buried deep in a mud pile. It was a testimony to John Lewis, who sits among us as an icon of conscience, who will tell you that in those muddy fields of Mississippi and Alabama, there are still skeletons that have yet been found. For many were killed, unnamed, and the relatives were too frightened to ever come forward. Maybe now, because this bill has a section in it on community relations, and I am hoping that as we provide oversight on this bill, we will increase those dollars from $1.5 million to $2 million or $2.5 million, because one of the witnesses said they could not have prosecuted the case had it not been for the persistence and the heart and determination of the family members, having lived under the shadow of this sin for so long. This bill does create a deputy chief in the Criminal Division of the Civil Rights Division. Many of us would have preferred a division, some separate fixture standing with the responsibility to have the hammer, if you will, of rightness. But we support this legislation, and we hope that as our chairman has been diligent and vigilant, as he looks forward, that we will ensure that that deputy chief does the right thing and provides a vigorous advocacy and prosecution of those unsolved crimes. Let me, Mr. Speaker, just recount very briefly the moving testimony that was given of the witnesses. Let me home in, if I could, on Myrlie Evers Williams. Why? Because it is part of my psyche to have seen Medgar Evers folding down on his front yard as he was murdered going into his home to see his wife and his children. Can you imagine the horror of waiting for daddy to come home, waiting for your husband to come home, the dinner on the table, the radio playing, the children making the kinds of pleasant noises that children make? Her husband was a warrior, but a gentle man, a man of peace, a man who was willing to sacrifice his own future so that he might bring justice to some. Let me, Mr. Speaker, as I close, simply ask my colleagues to remember this past and go to the future as I ask for support for this legislation. I thank you, John Lewis, and I thank you, John Conyers. Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong of H.R. 923, the ``Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crimes Act of 2007.'' This legislation, which I am proud to co-sponsor and strongly support, is intended to complete some of the Nation's most important unfinished business. And that is to solve some of the most depraved acts of violence against persons belonging to a racial group that was vulnerable, politically powerless, and innocent, and against those persons who risked life and limb to help them secure the rights promised in the Declaration of Independence and made real in the Constitution. The Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crimes Act of 2007 is long overdue. I thank our colleague, John Lewis of Georgia, who is widely recognized as the moral conscience of the House for sponsoring this legislation and I thank Chairmen Conyers, Scott, and Nadler for their work in shepherding it through the legislative process. Mr. Speaker, in 1989, the Civil Rights Memorial was dedicated in Montgomery, Alabama, the birthplace of the modern Civil Rights Movement. The Memorial honors the lives and memories of 40 martyrs who were slain during the movement from 1954 to 1968, including Emmett Till. But we know that many more people lost their lives to racial violence during that era. In fact, at the time the Memorial was dedicated, the killers of 13 of the 40 martyrs whose names are inscribed on the Memorial had not been prosecuted or convicted. In 10 of the 40 deaths, defendants were either acquitted by all-white juries or served only token prison sentences. We also know there are many cases that still cry out for justice. These unsolved crimes represent a continuing stain on our Nation's honor and mock its commitment to equal justice under law. The legislation before us is intended to help us remove that stain once and for all. The 40 victims selected for inclusion in the Civil Rights Memorial fit at least one of three criteria: (1) they were murdered because they were active in the civil rights movement; (2) they were killed by organized hate groups as acts of terror aimed at intimidating blacks and civil rights activists; or, (3) their deaths, like the death of Emmett Till, helped to galvanize the movement by demonstrating the brutality faced by African Americans in the South. The 40 persons who fit the selection criteria ranged in age from 11 to 66. Seven were white, and 33 were black. They were students, farmers, ministers, truck drivers, a homemaker and a Nobel laureate. But Mr. Speaker, there are many, many other victims besides the 40 who are remembered on the Memorial. The Southern Poverty Law Center reports that its research uncovered approximately 75 other people who died violently between 1952 and 1968 under circumstances suggesting that they were victims of racial violence. For most of them the reason their names were not added to the Memorial is because not enough was known about the details surrounding their deaths. Sadly, the reason so little is known about these cases is because they were never fully investigated or, in some cases, law enforcement officials were involved in the killings or subsequent cover-ups. And because the killings of African Americans were often covered up or never seriously investigated, there is little reason to doubt that many slayings were never even recorded by the authorities. The reason justice had not been served was the callous indifference, and often the criminal collusion, of many white law enforcement officials in the segregated South. There simply was no justice for African Americans during the civil rights era. The whole criminal justice system--from the police, to the prosecutors, to the juries, and to the judges--was perverted by racial bigotry. African Americans were routinely beaten, bombed and shot with impunity. Sometimes, the killers picked their victims on a whim. Sometimes, they targeted them for their activism. In other cases, prominent white citizens were involved and no consequences flowed. Herbert Lee of Liberty, Mississippi, for example, was shot in the head by a state legislator in broad daylight in 1961. It is, of course, fitting and proper that H.R. 923 bears the name of Emmett Till, whose slaying in 1955 and his mother's decision to have an open casket at his funeral stirred the Nation's conscience and galvanized a generation of Americans to join the fight for equality. Sadly, hundreds of them were killed in that struggle, and many of the killers, like those of Emmett himself, were never successfully prosecuted. Mr. Speaker, I am very pleased to learn that the Department of Justice strongly supports this legislation. It should. No government agency has done more through the years to protect and defend the civil rights of African Americans and other victims of injustice. I hope the DOJ's embrace of this legislation represents a rededication to its historic role of ensuring equal justice under law for all, even the poor, powerless, and vulnerable. Mr. Speaker, the heart of this legislation is sections 3 and 4. Section 3 establishes a Deputy Chief of the Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division. Section 3 requires the Attorney General to designate a Deputy Chief of the Criminal Section of the Civil Rights division who will be responsible for coordinating the investigation and prosecution of violations of criminal civil rights statutes that occurred before December 31, 1969, and ended in death. Section 3 also requires a study and report to Congress about the number of cases opened, the number of Federal prosecutions commenced, the number of cases of State and local prosecutions where the DOJ assisted, the number of cases that have been closed, and the number of open pending cases. The report shall be made not later than 6 months after the enactment of the Act. Section 4 of the bill establishes a parallel component in the Civil Rights Unit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to be headed by a Supervisory Special Agent designated by the Attorney General. This Supervisory Special Agent in the Civil Rights Unit is responsible for investigating violations of criminal civil rights statutes that occurred not later than December 31, 1969, and resulted in death. The Supervisory Special Agent should, where appropriate, coordinate investigations with State and local law enforcement officials. Mr. Speaker, although I strongly support H.R. 923, I believe the bill would be even stronger if it incorporated three small but important amendments. First, I would recommend an amendment containing Congressional findings of fact that help explain to the nation and the world why the Congress was compelled to enact this vitally important legislation. We are enacting this legislation not because of who the perpetrators of these unsolved criminal violations of civil rights statutes are, but who we are, and who their victims were. Mr. Speaker, over the past half century, the United States has made tremendous progress in overcoming the badges and vestiges of slavery. But this progress has been purchased at great cost. From Reconstruction through the modern Civil Rights Movement, heinous and depraved acts of violence were committed against persons belonging to a racial group that was innocent, vulnerable, and politically powerless, and also against those persons who risked life and limb to help them secure the rights promised in the Declaration of Independence and made real in the Constitution. Many of these crimes remain unsolved and no one has ever been held accountable. Examples of unsolved cases include the 1968 ``Orangeburg Massacre'' at South Carolina State University where state police shot and killed three student protesters; the 1967 shooting death of Carrie Brumfield, whose body was found on a rural Louisiana road; the 1957 murder of Willie Joe Sanford, whose body was fished out of a creek in Hawkinsville, GA; the 1946 killing of a black couple, including a pregnant woman, who was pulled out of a car in Monroe, GA, and dragged down a wagon trail before being shot in front of 200 people. These unsolved crimes represent a continuing stain on our Nation's honor and mock its commitment to equal justice under the law. Solving these cases is part of the unfinished work of America. President Kennedy said it so well 44 years ago, when he addressed the Nation on June 11, 1963: ``this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free.'' A second amendment I would recommend is the establishment of a specially created section within the Civil Rights Division with dedicated resources, personnel, and budgetary authority to investigate and prosecute notorious and neglected pre-1970 criminal violations of the civil rights statutes. I believe that in designating the Deputy Chief required by this legislation, the Attorney General must also be required to delegate to the Deputy Chief authority over the necessary personnel and budgetary resources. The high hope of H.R. 923 is that it may help bring justice to those whom justice has been delayed for more than two generations. The Deputy Chief, therefore, has an awesome responsibility. If we are to expect positive results, it is incumbent upon us to provide the Deputy Chief the resources and authority needed to be successful. As Winston Churchill said to President Roosevelt during the dark days of 1940: ``Give us the tools and we will finish the job!'' I am pleased, however, that the bill authorizes annual appropriations of $10 million for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2017 for the purpose of investigating and prosecuting pre-1970 criminal violations of the civil rights statutes that resulted in a death. Similarly, I am pleased that the bill authorizes annual appropriations of $1,500,000 to the Community Relations Service of the Department of Justice to provide technical assistance by bringing together law enforcement agencies and communities in the investigation of criminal violations of civil rights statutes. My third amendment I would recommend is to increase the amount of this annual appropriation by $500,000 to $2 million and to make this funding source available to assist the families of victims in coping with the loss of a loved one through counseling and other support services, financial and otherwise. Such assistance must be available to the victim's families because in many cases the testimony of a family member may be indispensable to government investigators and prosecutors. I am particularly mindful that the witnesses testifying before the Judiciary Committee hearing affirmed their belief that the government's ability successfully to investigate and solve criminal civil rights violations would be greatly enhanced were assistance and support available to the victims' families. Mr. Speaker, 44 years ago, Medgar Evers was murdered in Jackson, Mississippi; justice would not be done in his case for more than twenty years. But that day was foretold because the evening before the death of Medgar Evers, on June 11, 1963, President John F. Kennedy addressed the Nation from the Oval Office on the state of race relations and civil rights in America. In his historic speech to the nation President Kennedy said: We are confronted primarily with a moral issue. It is as old as the scriptures and is as clear as the American Constitution. One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice. They are not yet freed from social and economic oppression. And this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free. H.R. 923 is intended to help bring justice to those whom justice has been delayed for more than two generations. In doing so, this legislation will help this Nation fulfill its hopes and justify its boast that in America all persons live in freedom. Mr. Speaker. I strongly support this historic legislation and urge all Members to join me in voting for its passage.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, we have been engaging in discussion on the appropriations regarding the Energy and Water bill. Much of our attention has been on the gas prices, which is clearly a key element of need for the American people. I believe that when we finish this bill, we will have a strong and positive response. But at the same time, water is a concern for the American people as well. Flooding is a concern for the American people as well. I use as an example the City of Houston, Texas, that has just received the flood mapping that goes on under the process of FEMA, meaning that they have described areas of residential housing where the maps are changing what is a flooding area and what is not. The tragedy for Houston is that these are older neighborhoods where Members of the community have invested in one of their major assets. Unfortunately, based upon FEMA's maps and the lack of infrastructure as it relates to water and flooding, these individuals are finding themselves without the opportunity to protect their property. We have got to change that. We have got to make a difference. I look forward to working with my constituents to do so.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Chairman, because of the flood mapping crisis in Houston, Texas, and the need for flood control, let me add my appreciation and submit my statement for the Record in support of this legislation. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I rise to speak in strong support of H.R. 2641, the ``Energy and Water Appropriations Act of 2007.'' I also rise to express my sincere appreciation to Mr. Visclosky, the chairman of the Energy and Water Subcommittee and his ranking member, Mr. Hobson of Ohio, for working together in a constructive effort to renew America's dependence on foreign oil and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, this bill merits our support because it increases the Nation's commitment to long-term basic research by increasing the Federal investment that is so critical to developing the next generation of scientific breakthroughs. Federal funding for research and development has declined steadily over the last decade, and sound science has been compromised by political interference. This legislation takes a giant step toward reversing this disturbing trend. Mr. Chairman, in the 1970s, our Nation faced an energy crisis unlike any we had ever experienced before. The OPEC oil embargo of 1973 led to skyrocketing prices, long gas lines, gas sales only every other day, and shortages where gas was simply unavailable. We experienced another oil shock in the late 1970s and under the leadership of President Jimmy Carter, America responded with unprecedented initiatives for energy research. But over the years, gas prices came down, incentive was lost, and these efforts fell by the wayside. Today, we again face an energy crisis, only this time it is coupled with the enormous challenge of addressing the reality of global climate change. H.R. 2641 attempts to face these twin crises with over three billion dollars to address global climate change--researching its effects and working on technologies to slow it down--and investment in renewable energy programs that both reduce greenhouse gases and help our nation meet its energy needs. The bill cuts funding for poorly thought-out plans for nuclear weapons recognizing that because of the enormous cost and the importance to our national security they require smart strategies not blank checks. Instead it works to keep Americans safe with a 75 percent increase in funding for nuclear nonproliferation efforts. It also funds the Army Corps of Engineers, strengthening our Nation's navigation infrastructure and improving flood control programs. Before I highlight some of the more attractive provisions of this legislation, which by the way contains no earmarks, let me explain briefly why this energy and water legislation is so near and dear to the people I represent in the Eighteenth Congressional District of Texas. In the past 2 years, Houston, the center of my district, has experienced some of the most devastating acts of nature in its history. Six years ago this month, in June 2001, Tropical Storm Allison hit southeast Texas. Until Hurricane Katrina, this storm would become the costliest tropical storm in United States history. Flash flooding initiated quite rapidly during Houston's rush hour late Friday afternoon and on into the evening hours. Widespread street flooding was the initial threat, but the high rainfall amounts forced almost all the major Houston area bayou systems into severe flooding, with some to record levels. All major freeways in the Houston area were severely flooded in at least one location during this event. During this single event alone, rainfall in Harris County ranged from just 2 inches in the extreme west to in excess of 20 inches over Green's Bayou in the east. Countywide, the average rainfall was 8 inches with over two-thirds of the county receiving over 10 inches. The total damage across southeast Texas approached $5 billion, $4.88 billion in Harris County alone. Twenty-two deaths were caused by Allison, with each of these fatalities occurring in Harris County. At this time, thunderstorms began to train and merge across the Houston metro area, and the system evolved into a powerful complex right over the most populated portion of our CWA that evening. This complex progressed south and east into the early morning hours of Saturday, June 9. Very heavy rainfall was observed for up to 10 hours in some locations, and rainfall rates of 4 inches or more per hour were observed throughout the night. A station in northeast Houston recorded over 26 inches of rain in almost 10 hours. In response, the Tropical Storm Allison Recovery Project was launched. TSARP is a joint study effort by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, and the Harris County Flood Control District, the District. The purpose of the TSARP project is to develop technical products that will assist the local community in recovery from the devastating flooding, and provide the community with a greater understanding of flooding and flood risks. The end product of the study is new flood insurance rate maps. TSARP mission statement is: to assist residents of Harris County in recovery from Tropical Storm Allison and minimize damages from future floods by investigating the flood event and by developing current, accurate, and timely flood hazard information. TSARP uses state-of-the-art technology. TSARP has yielded many products that will help us better understand our flood risk. These products will assist citizens in making important decisions, and will assist public agencies in infrastructure planning. The hoped for end result of TSARP is a more informed and disaster resistant community and one that is better prepared. Purchasing flood insurance before June 18 allowed people to ``grandfather'' their existing floodplain status and pay lower premiums for flood insurance. Once the maps became official on June 18 residents and business owners whose properties are categorized in higher-risk flood zones on the new maps may pay higher rates. According to FEMA, a ``Regulatory Floodway'' means the channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height. Communities must regulate development in these floodways to ensure that there are no increases in upstream flood elevations. For streams and other watercourses where FEMA has provided Base Flood Elevations, BFEs, but no floodway has been designated, the community must review floodplain development on a case-by-case basis to ensure that increases in water surface elevations do not occur, or identify the need to adopt a floodway if adequate information is available. FEMA regulations say ``Communities must regulate development in these floodways to ensure that there are no increases in upstream flood elevations.'' The city of Houston interprets that as no development within the floodway. This is not necessarily correct. Construction can take place but it cannot obstruct the water. Elevating the structure gets the same effect but the city denies this as they said debris may collect under the structure. They will only allow a remodeling permit if the improvements do not exceed 50 percent of the structures value. There is one neighborhood along White Oak Bayou that is greatly affected. The homes are of higher value than most of the district. Alternatives to resolve their issue include widening the bayou or diverting floodwater. The Harris County Flood District is now investigating these alternatives. Otherwise the only solution would be a change in the city's ordinance allowing construction in the floodway. I am looking forward to working with colleagues on the Energy and Water Appropriations Subcommittee to explore ways and means of resolving this problem so that Houstonians will not be forced out of their homes and unable to afford flood insurance. Mr. Chairman, let me provide this partial listing of some of the many good provisions in this legislation. First, H.R. 2641 will improve U.S. waterways and flood protection by increasing funding for the Army Corps of Engineers by $713.4 million above the President's request to address a $1 billion backlog of operations and needed maintenance. This backlog needs to be addressed to sustain the coastal and inland navigation infrastructure critical to the U.S. economy, and the gaps in flood protection highlighted in Hurricane Katrina. Second, the legislation will help reduce dependence on foreign oil and cut greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable energy and energy efficiency programs are funded at $1.9 billion--a 50 percent increase in energy efficiency and renewable energy above the President's request for energy efficiency and renewable energy programs. This is in addition to the additional $300 million added in the FY 2007 joint resolution. In contrast, the President's FY 2008 request for renewable energy and energy efficiency research is the same as it was in 2001 in real terms. Funding for research and development of alternative fuels such as corn based and cellulosic ethanol and biodiesel is increased by 40 percent above the President's request. Solar Energy demonstration projects receive a 34 percent increase above the President's request. There is also $22 million to research new ways of generating power from water flow, and $44.3 million for geothermal energy, neither of which were funded in the President's request. This is on top of the $95 million for upgrades to existing hydropower dams funded under the Army Corps. I could go on and on. This thoughtful legislation provides funding to invest in new vehicle technology; energy efficient buildings; weatherization; carbon capture and sequestration; and climate change science. And it cuts wasteful spending as well. For example, H.R. 2641 directs the Energy Department to develop a concrete plan to improve its contract management. The Energy Department has been on the GAO list of programs that are at high-risk for waste, fraud, abuse and mismanagement for 17 years in a row. The bill also cuts Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, GNEP, funding by $285 million below the President's request and $47.5 million below 2007 for this initiative to reprocess spent nuclear fuel and burn long- lived radioactive materials. There are concerns that this project is unsafe, will cost tens of billions of dollars, and could make it far easier for terrorists to obtain plutonium to make nuclear weapons. The bill also secures substantial savings by cutting wasteful and unnecessary nuclear weapons programs by $5.9 billion, $632 million below the President's request and $396 million below 2007. It cuts 37 specific weapons program accounts, including the Reliable Replacement Warhead program. The existing stockpile will continue to provide the Nation's nuclear deterrent for the next two decades, and certainly until the President develops a strategic nuclear weapons plan to transform the nuclear weapons complex away from its expensive cold war configuration to a more affordable, sustainable structure. Mr. Chairman, I strongly support H.R. 2641 and urge my colleagues to join me. I thank Chairman Visclosky for his fine work in bringing this exceptional legislation to the House floor where it should receive an overwhelmingly favorable vote.

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas

Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I am very humbled to be able to join my colleagues of the Congressional Black Caucus to celebrate and commemorate Juneteenth and to celebrate it on the very day that we have commemorated it over the years. June 19 is a special time for Texans. And I would like to, in this very brief time that I have, weave in and out of the history of the meaning of Juneteenth as we reflect upon where we are in 2007 in the education of our young people. The failures of this administration are stark, shocking, and extensive. And it is hopefully on this day that maybe a morsel of what many of us have been saying will be caught by someone in the administration to be able to reassess and to be able to think about the remaining time of their tenure in the White House and create a new and different legacy of the educational process of minorities in the United States of America. With that, let me thank Danny Davis for the celebration that we were able to participate in and his leadership on the issue of Juneteenth. I would also like to thank Curtis Faulkner of Fort Worth, who is involved in Juneteenth Heritage and Jazz Festival. I would also like to be able to thank Dr. Ronald Myers, who has been working for years with the National Juneteenth Observance. I would also like to be able to remind my fellow Texans and Houstonians of Reverend C. Anderson Davis, who brought to us the Emancipation Day celebration in Texas. We lost Reverend Davis just a few weeks ago, and it is my special privilege to acknowledge him for he came as the regional leader of the NAACP more than four decades ago to Houston, Texas, and he never forgot the routing and the importance of educating our young people about the emancipation. So I stand today to be able to chronicle the history and to thank those who are now fighting the battle to preserve Freedman's Town in Houston, Texas, a town that was formulated by freed slaves right after the Emancipation Proclamation that is now under siege by those who would desire to disrupt the few remaining historic buildings and blocks and, if you will, bricks that make up the street, cobblestone bricks. I pray that the energy of those remaining, Reverend Samuel Smith, Captain Roberts, Reverend Robertson, will hold on, and the number of churches that are in that area, that we will fight for the establishment of a Freedman's Town corridor in the name and in tribute of Juneteenth and the emancipation of our people. Let me cite for those a depictive picture that shows both celebration and shock as Major Gordon Granger came into Galveston to be able to announce that these yet humble servants, these slaves, were yet free. Let me quickly go to the language that was offered to me in remarks made by Curtis Faulkner. I want to read, first of all, just a few brief words from the message of Abraham Lincoln during the emancipation: ``Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and this administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance, or insignificance, can spare one or another of us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down, in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation. We say we are for the union. The world will not forget that we say this.'' So he spoke of saving the union, but he also laid the ground work for the Emancipation Proclamation. He continued: ``Other means may succeed; this could not fail. The way is plain, peaceful, generous, just--a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud and God must forever bless.'' This was the genesis of the emancipation of slaves, but yet we are still wracked by discrimination and disparity. So when I speak of education and No Child Left Behind, I use Houston as an additional laboratory, testing the fear of children and not the learning of children. We want to reform so that all of our children can learn. Poor funding for underperforming schools, a failure of this administration that never decided to fund. Closing schools, lack of pay for teachers, all of that is meaningful. I close, Mr. Speaker, by saying this. Freedom is not enough and you do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying now you are free. We want the emancipation to be known in our hearts. We want a national holiday for the Juneteenth. And I look forward to working with my colleagues to commemorate, celebrate, and be reminded of the sweat and blood and tears of those who stand here today.