Tim Johnson

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, during World War II, Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota soldiers from across the Great Plains served this country with honor and distinction as Code Talkers. These men sent messages in code, derived from their native languages, that the enemy was never able to decipher. They saved the lives of countless Americans, were responsible for major military victories, and provided an invaluable service to the United States, but they were sworn to secrecy about their operations in order to protect the code. As a result, their important contributions were not immediately recognized. Only one of these heroes, Clarence Wolf Guts, survives today. Mr. Wolf Guts spoke Lakota at home, but--like many other Native youth--he was punished for doing so at school. Despite this, he enlisted in the Army at age 18 and served a 3-year tour in the Pacific. Mr. Wolf Guts and his fellow Code Talkers are an example of the proud service record of Native Americans, who make up a higher percentage of service men and women in the Armed Forces than any other ethnic group in America. They have served with honor in all of America's wars beginning with the Revolutionary War on through our current operations in Iraq. In 2001, the Navajo Code Talkers were awarded Congressional Gold Medals for their service. In appreciation of the service of Mr. Wolf Guts, his comrades, and all Native American Code Talkers, I have cosponsored S. 2681, the Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008. This legislation would ensure that all Native American Code Talkers which hail from at least 17 different tribes are all recognized and honored for their service. In recognition of their service, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe and South Dakota State University plan to construct the Code Talkers Memorial Park in Mission, SD. Meant to inspire hope in the community, this park will feature a Memorial Grove of trees found on the home reservation of each soldier and will provide recreation and wellness opportunities as a part of the tribe's ongoing fight against youth suicide. I want to honor and recognize these men for their service and sacrifice for this country.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I celebrate the 25th anniversary of KILI Radio on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. For 25 years, this radio station has served as the Voice of the Lakota Nation. It serves as an important communications tool for members of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, some western residents of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe and the general listening public in a region that reaches as far as the sacred Black Hills. At times throughout its history, this radio station has served as an important part of the Emergency Broadcast System, getting word to listeners of severe weather, fire, or other emergency situations on the horizon. It also serves as a vital tool to inform people about community meetings, educational opportunities, danger prevention activities, and others. KILI Radio also plays a crucial role in maintaining the Lakota language on the reservation, with its DJs and other programming hosts often speaking in Lakota or with Lakota- speaking guests. The station's coverage of sporting events is exceptionally popular with KILI listeners and is one of the station's top-ranked areas of programming. Perched atop Porcupine Butte, KILI Radio plays an integral part of life on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Without its existence, lives may have been lost to emergency situations it reported over the airwaves. Lakota language preservation efforts would also have languished. I applaud KILI Radio for working tirelessly to preserve the Lakota language and culture while also promoting, educating, and entertaining listeners with the good news of Lakota youth, elders, and entrepreneurs. Whether it is coverage of basketball tournaments, conferences on issues of importance to the Lakota people or holding politicians' feet to the fire, KILI Radio is a way of life for the Pine Ridge community. I wish to commend the efforts of all of KILI Radio's staff and volunteers I especially want to congratulate Tom Casey on 23 years of service to the radio station. He serves both as a radio voice, and a man behind the scenes to ensure KILI's survival. I would also like to recognize the efforts of those who came together with the vision for the wind turbine that was erected earlier this month. On a practical level, the turbine will generate energy to power the radio station and its electrical needs. One cannot overlook the symbolism however, to imagine KILI Radio again operating off the grid, and on its own terms. Congratulations, KILI Radio on your silver anniversary and thank you for all that you have done and all that you continue to do.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I wish to offer my heartfelt congratulations to a South Dakotan who has been very committed to the educational well-being of the young people in my State. For the past 6 years, Judy Gorman has served as executive director of the Department of Defense program, STARBASE. Exclusively designed for young adults, STARBASE provides science, math, technology and engineering skills through hands-on experience in aviation and space- related fields. She has served as an effective liaison with schools, military, community, and business leaders and has worked tirelessly to develop a superb curriculum in the community of the Black Hills. In early August, Judy will retire from the program she has worked so hard to promote and foster. While executive director she has overseen 191 STARBASE classes of over 4,800 students, 2 manufacturing classes of 35 students, and 5 ``Feel the Power'' graduate classes. Her dedication to the STARBASE program was grounded in a 23-year career as an elementary counselor, special educator, and fourth grade teacher in the Rapid City Area Schools and Meade School District. She also has served as the administrator for Project Achieve, a summer youth program for at-risk teens in the Rapid City area. For many years she supported and guided her husband, Mike Gorman, in his excellent leadership as the Adjutant General of the South Dakota National Guard. I commend Judy for her years of great stewardship with the STARBASE program. I had the privilege of touring the facilities a few years ago, witnessing first-hand the importance of the program and commitment Judy brings to her students. There are few better rewards for an educator than witnessing countless students expanding their horizons, applying science, math, and engineering in aviation and space-related fields of study. You may expect this from high school, college, or graduate students, but Judy has been able to ``plant the seeds of learning'' in the minds of fourth graders. Those seeds will undoubtedly result in a bright future as these youngsters grow up to pursue their dreams and goals. Many will look fondly to Judy's great guidance and tutorship. On the occasion of her retirement, I want to wish Judy all the best. I want to thank her for her tireless work and dedication to the STARBASE program and her commitment to the youth of South Dakota. The legacy of her work will rest in the minds of these young people, for which I thank her for her service on behalf of all South Dakotans, and wish her well in her retirement.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Madam President, I rise today to pay tribute to SPC Estell ``Lee'' Turner and his heroic service to our country. As a member of the Army's Echo Company, 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division based in Fort Campbell, KY, SPC Turner was serving in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. On July 2, 2008, he died in the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, MD, after being mortally wounded by an IED in Afghanistan. Lee had already served his country for 6 years in the Army two decades earlier, having finished his military service in 1989. Yet this wasn't enough. Even though he had gone above and beyond, Lee still had the drive to be a hero. After moving to Sioux Falls in 2004, he reenlisted in the Army at the age of 39, after the Army had raised its age limit. He looked forward to being deployed to Afghanistan, his first tour in the war on terror. His wife recalls, ``He never seemed worried about it, this is something he believed in. He thought it was right.'' Raised in a military family, patriotism was instilled in his heart from a young age. Lee's father served in the Navy for 18 years, and his grandfather was an Army soldier who served in World War II. His younger brother John is in the Army and his wife is an Army reservist. Lee's awards and decorations include the Army Good Conduct Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Army Combat Action Badge, and the Purple Heart. Lee enjoyed racing and fixing cars and playing guitar. He had a fierce devotion to his family, and he will be deeply missed by those who survive him: his wife Leah, his daughter Lyda, his siblings, John and ``Gucci,'' and his mother Gloria. Specialist Turner gave his all for his soldiers and his country. Our Nation owes him a debt of gratitude, and the best way to honor his life is to emulate his commitment to our country. Madam President, I join with all South Dakotans in expressing my deepest sympathy to the family and friends of SPC Estell Turner. He will be missed, but his service to our Nation will never be forgotten. Staff Sergeant Jeremy Vrooman Madam President, I also rise today to pay tribute to SSG Jeremy Vrooman and his heroic service to our country. As a member of the Army's 2nd Squadron, 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment, 1st Armored Division, in Vilseck, Germany, Staff Sergeant Vrooman was serving in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. On July 15, 2008, he died in a Baghdad hospital after sustaining injuries from an improvised explosive device. A native South Dakotan, Jeremy carried on the tradition of military service in his family when he joined the Army 9 years ago. Both of his grandfathers served and his older brother, Justin, is currently in the Army. Jeremy was proud to serve in the military and planned on making it his career. He was on his second tour of duty in Iraq. Jeremy enjoyed playing with his children, hunting, fishing, and mountain biking. Friends and family will miss Jeremy's laughter and infectious smile. Sergeant Vrooman gave his all for his soldiers and his country. Our Nation owes him a debt of gratitude, and the best way to honor his life is to emulate his commitment to our country. Madam President, I join with all South Dakotans in expressing my deepest sympathy to the family and friends of Sergeant Vrooman. He will be missed, but his service to our Nation will never be forgotten.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I rise to recognize the Todd and Linda Broin family of Sioux Falls, SD, and applaud their generosity. Through a charitable gift to the Sanford Project, the Broins have made a major contribution in the global effort to cure type 1 diabetes. The Sanford Project, an initiative of one of South Dakota's health care systems, seeks to focus research efforts on one critical health care issue with the goal of making significant process toward curing or otherwise eliminating the disease. Last month, Sanford Project leaders announced their focus on curing type 1 diabetes, with a specific emphasis on beta cell regeneration. Type 1 diabetes, also called juvenile diabetes, is a severe disease with no known cause or cure that affects nearly 3 million Americans and their families. Linda Broin's own experience with type 1 diabetes, stemming from her diagnosis with the disease at age 12, makes this contribution all the more personal, and inspirational. The Broins' generosity will allow for the establishment of the Todd and Linda Broin, chair, of the Sanford Project, and their gift will be used to support the salary and related expenses of the person who leads the campaign to cure type 1 diabetes. I am extremely pleased the Sanford Project is dedicating health research resources to cure type 1 diabetes, and, like so many others, I am grateful that the Broins' gift will advance the recruitment of top researchers to lead this project. Diabetes is a severe disease that can result in a range of disabilities, including blindness, amputations, and kidney failure. Given the cost of diabetes not only to Americans' health, but also to our personal finances and our economy, it is clear that funding for diabetes research and prevention needs to be a priority. Biomedical research is the key to solving unanswered questions regarding this disease and holds the potential to impact millions of lives. While government funding clearly plays an important role in fueling research, the Broins' private contribution provides vital flexibility and garners even greater interest for the project. I am pleased the Sanford Project's efforts have been amplified and I commend the Broin family's generosity in their gift and efforts to increase awareness about this disease.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, I rise today to pay tribute to SPC Estelle ``Lee'' Turner and his heroic service to our country. As a member of the Army's Echo Company, 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division based in Fort Campbell, KY, SPC Turner was serving in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. On July 2, 2008, he died in a hospital in Bethesda, MD after being mortally wounded by an IED in Afghanistan. Lee had already served his country for 6 years in the Army two decades earlier, having finished his military service in 1989. Yet this wasn't enough. Even though he had gone above and beyond, Lee still had the drive to be a hero. After moving to Sioux Falls in 2004, he reenlisted in the Army at the age of 39, after the Army had raised its age limit. He looked forward to being deployed to Afghanistan, his first tour in the war on terror. His wife recalls, ``He never seemed worried about it, this is something he believed in. He thought it was right.'' Raised in a military family, patriotism was instilled in his heart from a young age. Lee's father served in the Navy for 18 years, and his grandfather was an Army soldier who served in World War II. His younger brother John is in the Army, and his wife is an Army reservist. Lee's awards and decorations include the Army Good Conduct Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Army Combat Action Badge, and the Purple Heart. Lee enjoyed racing and fixing cars, and playing guitar. He had a fierce devotion to his family, and he will be deeply missed by those who survive him: his wife Leah, his daughter Lyda, his siblings, John and ``Gucci'', and his mother Gloria. Specialist Turner gave his all for his soldiers and his country. Our Nation owes him a debt of gratitude, and the best way to honor his life is to emulate his commitment to our country. Mr. President, I join with all South Dakotans in expressing my deepest sympathy to the family and friends of Specialist Turner. He will be missed, but his service to our Nation will never be forgotten.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. The Johnson-Enzi bill mandates that Argentina's FMD-free status must be achieved without vaccination. This is the acceptable standard for trade and also ensures that the disease is truly eradicated from the herd, and not suppressed or hidden. While this one region in Argentina is thought to be FMD free, this one region within Argentina and Argentina as a whole is surrounded by the presence of FMD, while the United States has been free of FMD since 1929 and is free of FMD without vaccination. Additionally, the United States shares borders with our FMD-free neighbors, who are certified as free without vaccination. As discussed by NASAHO, Argentina has, quite simply, failed to remain free of FMD for any length of time, which is a basic component to proving the continuity and adequacy of Argentina's infrastructure. As recently as 2001, Argentina experienced an FMD outbreak that it failed to report for months. This raises serious questions about Argentina's approach to communication about this disease in the future, and I don't feel that these questions have been adequately answered at this time. I thank Senator Enzi and the organizations who have dedicated their time and support for this measure, and I will continue to work with my colleague from Wyoming in the best interest of our American farmers and ranchers.

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, I come before the Senate today to discuss a critically important issue to the livestock industry in South Dakota and across the United States, that being the United States Department of Agriculture's, USDA, proposal to regionalize Argentina for Foot-and- Mouth Disease, or FMD. FMD is a highly contagious and airborne disease affecting ruminants and swine. The disease is so destructive that FMD is considered to be the most economically devastating of all livestock diseases, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association. An outbreak in Great Britain in 2001, for example, cost the economy nearly $20 billion and led to the slaughter of over 6 million animals. It is with concern for the health and viability of our domestic cattle, sheep, and swine farmers and ranchers that Senator Enzi joins me today in introducing legislation to stop this fundamentally flawed proposal. This legislation enjoys significant organizational support from our livestock sector, including the American Sheep Industry Association, the South Dakota Cattlemen's Association, R-CALF, the South Dakota Stockgrowers Association, the U.S. Cattlemen's Association, the National Farmers Union, the Western Organization of Resource Councils, and Dakota Rural Action. As a highly credible scientific and veterinary entity, a poll was take within the National Assembly of State Animal Health Officials, NASAHO, and an overwhelming majority of respondents are opposed to regionalization of Argentina for FMB. Our South Dakota State Veterinarian and the President of NASAHO, Dr, Sam Holland, has been invaluable during this process and I thank him for his guidance and extensive expertise on this issue. The majority of veterinarians within NASAHO oppose regionalizing for FMD for a variety of reasons, and Dr. Holland relayed the following causes of concern from State veterinarians for USDA's proposed rule: Economic benefits do not justify the tremendous risk. Inability to effectively monitor risk. Resources, biosecurity, and experience in monitoring freedom are inadequate. Regionalization for one of the world's most highly contagious virus disease, FMD, is much more complicated than regionalization for tuberculosis, brucellosis and many other diseases. FMD virus is not only arguably the most contagious virus known for animals, but also is particularly resilient in the environment and may persist in fomites and be transmitted by such through aerosol or contact. Argentina has not experienced an extended timeframe of several years of FMD freedom. This bill would prohibit the importation of ruminants and swine and fresh or frozen ruminant and pork products from any region of Argentina until the United States Department of Agriculture can certify to Congress that Argentina is free of Foot and Mouth Disease without vaccination. While regionalization may be a viable option for other livestock diseases, the extremely contagious nature and significant economic impact of FMD dictates that we must treat countries as a whole, and that a country must demonstrate its ability to remain free of FMD. While the USDA is moving to set a precedent with this rule regarding its protocol for FMD, this bill is a common sense response that USDA's proposal is simply not good policy for American ranchers and farmers and for our domestic livestock herds.

Mr. JOHNSON. My friend from Wyoming raises an excellent question and I'm pleased to answer it. It is not our intention or the effect of this bill to disrupt the status quo, and our legislation would leave the current state of trade intact. Our Code of Federal Regulations allows for the importation of certain dried, cured or cooked product from countries with a known presence of FMD. This bill will only prohibit product that poses a risk for disease transmission, including fresh, chilled or frozen, product or live animals.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. The Johnson-Enzi bill mandates that Argentina's FMD-free status must be achieved without vaccination. This is the acceptable standard for trade and also ensures that the disease is truly eradicated from the herd, and not suppressed or hidden. While this one region in Argentina is thought to be FMD free, this one region within Argentina and Argentina as a whole is surrounded by the presence of FMD, while the United States has been free of FMD since 1929 and is free of FMD without vaccination. Additionally, the United States shares borders with our FMD-free neighbors, who are certified as free without vaccination. As discussed by NASAHO, Argentina has, quite simply, failed to remain free of FMD for any length of time, which is a basic component to proving the continuity and adequacy of Argentina's infrastructure. As recently as 2001, Argentina experienced an FMD outbreak that it failed to report for months. This raises serious questions about Argentina's approach to communication about this disease in the future, and I don't feel that these questions have been adequately answered at this time. I thank Senator Enzi and the organizations who have dedicated their time and support for this measure, and I will continue to work with my colleague from Wyoming in the best interest of our American farmers and ranchers.

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, I come before the Senate today to discuss a critically important issue to the livestock industry in South Dakota and across the United States, that being the United States Department of Agriculture's, USDA, proposal to regionalize Argentina for Foot-and- Mouth Disease, or FMD. FMD is a highly contagious and airborne disease affecting ruminants and swine. The disease is so destructive that FMD is considered to be the most economically devastating of all livestock diseases, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association. An outbreak in Great Britain in 2001, for example, cost the economy nearly $20 billion and led to the slaughter of over 6 million animals. It is with concern for the health and viability of our domestic cattle, sheep, and swine farmers and ranchers that Senator Enzi joins me today in introducing legislation to stop this fundamentally flawed proposal. This legislation enjoys significant organizational support from our livestock sector, including the American Sheep Industry Association, the South Dakota Cattlemen's Association, R-CALF, the South Dakota Stockgrowers Association, the U.S. Cattlemen's Association, the National Farmers Union, the Western Organization of Resource Councils, and Dakota Rural Action. As a highly credible scientific and veterinary entity, a poll was take within the National Assembly of State Animal Health Officials, NASAHO, and an overwhelming majority of respondents are opposed to regionalization of Argentina for FMB. Our South Dakota State Veterinarian and the President of NASAHO, Dr, Sam Holland, has been invaluable during this process and I thank him for his guidance and extensive expertise on this issue. The majority of veterinarians within NASAHO oppose regionalizing for FMD for a variety of reasons, and Dr. Holland relayed the following causes of concern from State veterinarians for USDA's proposed rule: Economic benefits do not justify the tremendous risk. Inability to effectively monitor risk. Resources, biosecurity, and experience in monitoring freedom are inadequate. Regionalization for one of the world's most highly contagious virus disease, FMD, is much more complicated than regionalization for tuberculosis, brucellosis and many other diseases. FMD virus is not only arguably the most contagious virus known for animals, but also is particularly resilient in the environment and may persist in fomites and be transmitted by such through aerosol or contact. Argentina has not experienced an extended timeframe of several years of FMD freedom. This bill would prohibit the importation of ruminants and swine and fresh or frozen ruminant and pork products from any region of Argentina until the United States Department of Agriculture can certify to Congress that Argentina is free of Foot and Mouth Disease without vaccination. While regionalization may be a viable option for other livestock diseases, the extremely contagious nature and significant economic impact of FMD dictates that we must treat countries as a whole, and that a country must demonstrate its ability to remain free of FMD. While the USDA is moving to set a precedent with this rule regarding its protocol for FMD, this bill is a common sense response that USDA's proposal is simply not good policy for American ranchers and farmers and for our domestic livestock herds.

Mr. JOHNSON. My friend from Wyoming raises an excellent question and I'm pleased to answer it. It is not our intention or the effect of this bill to disrupt the status quo, and our legislation would leave the current state of trade intact. Our Code of Federal Regulations allows for the importation of certain dried, cured or cooked product from countries with a known presence of FMD. This bill will only prohibit product that poses a risk for disease transmission, including fresh, chilled or frozen, product or live animals.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I recognize the community of Ipswich, SD, on reaching the 125th anniversary of its founding. As the county seat of Edmunds County, the rural community of Ipswich is infused with hospitality, beauty, and an exceptional quality of life. The town of Ipswich was founded in 1883, with the railroad industry jumpstarting the area as a business and transportation center. Ipswich was noted for its many buildings made of native prairie stone, and was eventually given the nicknames: ``the Home of the Yellowstone Trail,'' ``the Arch City,'' and ``the Zinnia City.'' Today, Ipswich has come a long way from its days as a railroad supply center. The town now boasts a variety of businesses, including those in the service, manufacturing, and agricultural sectors. For the outdoor enthusiasts, Ipswich offers an abundance of local hunting and fishing. The people of Ipswich celebrated their Trail Days on the weekend of June 13-15, 2008, with an all-school reunion, a parade, a pie-baking contest, a demolition derby and a street dance. South Dakota's small communities are the bedrock of our economy and vital to the future of our state. It is especially because of our small communities, and the feelings of loyalty and familiarity that they engender, that I am proud to call South Dakota home. Towns like Ipswich and its citizens are no different and truly know what it means to be South Dakotan. One hundred and twenty five years after its founding, Ipswich remains a vital community and a great asset to the wonderful state of South Dakota. I am proud to honor Ipswich on this historic milestone.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Madam President, today I recognize the community of Artesian, SD, on reaching the 125th anniversary of its founding. Artesian is a rural community infused with hospitality, beauty, and an exceptional quality of life. The city of Artesian was founded in 1883 and named after the abundance of flowing wells, known as artesian wells, in its part of South Dakota. As over a third of its citizens are of German decent, the Artesian community of Sanborn County still appreciates and exemplifies its rich heritage. Today, Artesian has come a long way from its days as a railroad supply center. The town now boasts a variety of businesses, including those in both the service and manufacturing sectors. A community center, multiple churches, a post office, veterinarian, and 4-H club continuously bring the community closer. The people of Artesian celebrate this momentous occasion on the weekend of July 4-6, 2008 with a street dance, fireworks, and a parade. South Dakota's small communities are the bedrock of our economy and vital to the future of our State. It is especially because of our small communities, and the feelings of loyalty and familiarity that they engender, that I am proud to call South Dakota home. Towns like Artesian and its citizens are no different and truly know what it means to be South Dakotan. One hundred twenty-five years after its founding, Artesian remains a vital community and a great asset to the wonderful state of South Dakota. I am proud to honor Artesian on this historic milestone.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Madam President, today I wish to recognize the service of Mr. Dan Mayer, who has been in the banking business for nearly 49 years. Spending the past 47 years in Sturgis, SD, Dan has helped guide peers and new generations alike toward success in the beautiful Black Hills. Dan began his career and community service in Sturgis in 1959. After being elected to the Sturgis city council in 1968, he served for 22 years, presiding as president for several terms. In 1973, Dan was part of the group that started the Sturgis Industrial Economic Expansion Corporation, which developed the first Sturgis Industrial Park. I remember when Dan and other city leaders met with me to discuss expanding their industrial park, intent on making Sturgis an attractive and effective place to start a business. I was pleased to work with the group to obtain funds for the expansion, which eventually attracted gun and ammunition manufacturers to the industrial park. With nearly five decades of personal and professional ties to the Sturgis area, Dan is still an active force in the community. He currently serves on the Heritage Acres Board, the Sturgis Industrial Board, the Sturgis Hospital Advisory Board, and the Sturgis Water Board. One Sturgis resident is quoted as having said, ``Our business wouldn't be here without this man. He believed in our community and, at the most vital of times, he believed in us.'' Dan will be retiring on June 19, 2008 and intends to stay in the Sturgis area, retaining his positions on the local boards. I want to commend Dan for his longstanding and steadfast commitment to the betterment of his community. Being in the banking business for so many years, Dan has been a major influence in the lives of Sturgis area residents. He has seen countless families through home and ranch purchases, home improvements and business start-ups and expansions. Along with his wife Donna, children Jamie and Mark, and nine grandchildren, Dan has strived to fulfill his commitment of making Sturgis and the surrounding area a greater place to live, work, and raise a family. I am most deeply grateful for the opportunity to thank Dan for his efforts, and eagerly look forward to his continued involvement in the community.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Madam President, today I recognize the community of Corona, SD, on reaching the 125th anniversary of its founding. Corona is a rural community located in Roberts County, and will be celebrating its quasquicentennial the weekend of June 20-22 with a street dance, a 5k walk/run, hot air balloon rides, a parade, and fireworks. In 1881, a town site called Prior was plotted approximately 1\1/2\ miles north of the future site of Corona, named for its owner, C. H. Prior. Prior was the original stopping point for the postal service until moving to the present location of Corona in 1883, which provided closer access to the railroad. The early business district of Corona was comprised of a doctor, a newspaper, two banks, four grocery stores, a butcher shop, a post office, four grain elevators, a general store, a hardware store, a creamery, and two lumber yards. Main Street was marked with hitching posts, gasoline lights, and wooden sidewalks that were notorious for their hazardous conditions when wet. Today, Corona still boasts several businesses including a cafe, a post office, a grain elevator, and most importantly, the Corona Learning Center. Three industrial enterprises are also based in the area: Mark's Custom Woodworking, Ammann Honey Farm, and Dakota Machine Works. Despite the hardworking nature of Corona's inhabitants, they still manage to celebrate St. Patrick's Day with one of the longest parades in the State, whether rain, snow, or shine. Most South Dakotans call small towns like Corona home. South Dakota's small communities are the bedrock of our economy and vital to the future of our State. It is especially because of our small communities, and the feelings of loyalty and familiarity that they engender, that I am proud to call South Dakota home. Towns like Corona and its citizens are no different and truly know what it means to be a South Dakotan. Even 125 years after its founding, Corona continues to be a vibrant addition to our wonderful State, and I once again congratulate them on this achievement.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Madam President, today I pay tribute to the 125th anniversary of the founding of the city of Ethan, South Dakota. After 125 years, this progressive community will have a chance to reflect on its past and future, and I congratulate the people of Ethan for all that they have accomplished. The city of Ethan was founded in 1883 as a railroad town named after Ethan Allen of historical fame. Jerome Miles was the primary landowner of Ethan Territory. The first school was built in 1885, followed by the first Catholic and Methodist churches which were both built in 1887. Today, Ethan is a growing and developing small town community located in Davison County. Ethan has a population of 312 and is home to numerous colorful characters, including many descendents of the original founders. Ethan features several local businesses, including grain elevators, hotels, banks, restaurants, doctor's offices, churches, a public school, and a beautiful park. Ethan Coop Lumber just celebrated their 100 year anniversary in 2007, and Ethan Public School has been declared a Blue Ribbon School of Excellence by the U.S. Department of Education. Ethan will be commemorating its anniversary with a celebration on the weekend of June 13-15. The town plans to hold the Miss Ethan Pageant, a street dance, a parade, and hot air balloon rides. The events of the weekend promise to provide great opportunities to celebrate such a historic milestone. Even 125 years after its founding, Ethan continues to be a vibrant community. I am proud to honor the accomplishments of the people of Ethan, and congratulate them on this impressive achievement.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I pay tribute to the 125th anniversary of the founding of the community of Willow Lake, SD. After 125 years, this progressive community will have a chance to reflect on its past and future, and I congratulate the people of Willow Lake for all they have accomplished. Willow Lake, located in Clark County, was originally plotted on the northeast corner of the lake in 1883. When the Manitoba Railroad was surveyed to come about 2 miles south of the city, the decision was made to move the town to its present location. Willow Lake grew with the evolution of the Manitoba Railroad to the Great Northern in 1890. A tornado and several fires swept through the town during the turn of the 20th century, destroying most of the primarily wooden structures. Shortly thereafter, the town fathers mandated that all Main Street buildings were to be made of brick to withstand the elements of eastern South Dakota. Today, Willow Lake has come a long way from the days of railroad commerce. The town now boasts a variety of businesses in both the service and manufacturing sectors, including a grain elevator, multiple construction companies, and a K-12 public school. The people of Willow Lake will celebrate their achievements July 4-6, 2008, with a rodeo, car show, fireworks display, and parade as well as an all school reunion which, as reported by Paul Harvey, is held each and every year. Willow Lake is a credit to Clark County and to the State of South Dakota. I am proud to join with the community members of Willow Lake in celebrating the last 125 years, and looking forward to a promising future.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I pay tribute to the 125th anniversary of the founding of the community of Tulare, SD. After 125 years, this progressive community will have a chance to reflect on its past and future, and I congratulate the people of Tulare for all they have accomplished. Tulare is located in northeast South Dakota, within Spink County on Highway 281. Originally plotted by Charles Prior in 1883, the town quickly grew as an important railroad supply station. There is some disagreement about the naming of Tulare, which tends to follow three different stories. The first story tells that when riding the train to Tulare, Mr. Prior encountered two men entertaining the passengers with tall tales. He was so amused by the time he reached his destination, he decided to call the town site ``Tulare'' after the ``two liars.'' The second story claims the town was named after the ``Tulle'' weed that grows in the swamps, and the third story names the city after a Native America chief. Today, Tulare has come a long way from its days as a railroad supply center. The town now boasts a variety of businesses, including those in both the service and manufacturing sectors. Coupling with those parts of the economy are the rich natural resources including the plentiful pheasant population which further aids in the prosperity of this community. The town also continues their long tradition of high standards in education that began here with the first 4-year high school and continues to thrive as the Hitchcock-Tulare School District. Tulare has become a credit to Spink County and the State of South Dakota. The people of Tulare will celebrate their achievements June 20- 22, 2008, with a basketball tournament, parade, car and quilt show, and street dance. I am proud to join with the community members of Tulare in celebrating the last 125 years and look forward to a promising future.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I recognize the community of Canova, SD, on reaching the 125th anniversary of its founding. Canova is a rural community located in Miner County, and will be celebrating its quasquicentennial the weekend of July 4-6. The combination of the Homestead Act of 1862, the opening of Government lands, and the influx of railroads through the State all added greatly to the development of Canova in the 19th century. L.W. Aldrich and H.W. Eddy, both from Watertown, NY, bought the land around Canova, while F.D. Woodbury registered Canova as a town in 1883. The town of Canova was built on the pillars of farming, faith, and baseball, boasting 8 State titles and 11 runner-up finishes. These activities serve to bring this close-knit community even closer together. While the school has since closed, it did bring about the birth of the Canova Alumni and the promotion of community health with the CARE Center. Most South Dakotans call small towns like Canova home. South Dakota's small communities are the bedrock of our economy and vital to the future of our State. It is especially because of our small communities, and the feelings of loyalty and familiarity that they engender, that I am proud to call South Dakota home. Towns like Canova and its citizens are no different and truly know what it means to be South Dakotan. Even 125 years after its founding, Canova continues to be a vibrant addition to our wonderful State, and I once again congratulate them on this achievement.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I share with my colleagues some thoughts regarding how to reduce worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and a few key benchmarks I believe should be included in a national strategy to address this environmental and economic security challenge. The scientific evidence linking the effects of man-made releases of carbon dioxide and the warming of the Earth's climate is clear. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change analyzed the science on climate change and concluded with high probability that the Earth is dramatically warming and that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 is at the highest level in 400,000 years. To forestall the most significant effects of predicted changes in the world's climate over the next 50 years, the United States and other major emitting nations must begin to transition to a low-carbon economy. Although South Dakota may avoid the direct consequences of rising sea levels or more powerful storms caused by climate change, in many other respects my State is vulnerable to changes in the Earth's temperature. More frequent and severe droughts would dramatically harm the State's economy. The loss of productive farmland, denuded pastureland, and scarce ground and surface water supplies are probable under the current scientific modeling on a warming planet. The Prairie Pothole Region, which is partially located in my State, and is the most important duck and geese habitat in North America, is threatened by the effects of climate change. These changes, if borne out in the next generation, would have significant and severe economic consequences for my State. Understanding clearly the probable environmental harm from taking no action, I support a mandatory, nationwide program that limits greenhouse gas emissions. I have voted in support of a nationwide plan previously because it is important to reach agreement and understanding on the complicated legislative, regulatory and economic choices from a nationwide strategy. With the strong, peer-reviewed scientific conclusions linking climate change to human caused greenhouse gas emissions, the future uncertainty and cost of a nationwide program to reduce these emissions challenge our path to producing the optimal bill. We need to take strong steps with an early no regrets policy of action. Over the longer-term, addressing this problem will require changes in how we produce and use energy. It is realistic to expect such a plan to have costs. Transiting to lower carbon forms of energy production not yet commercially deployable could increase the price of producing energy. Creating policies and incentives that contain those costs over the next several decades to lessen impacts to consumers is a key concern of mine. A nationwide plan that caps greenhouse gas emissions must make room for the expansion of traditional fossil fuel generation sources to meet growing energy demand. I am a strong supporter of renewable energy-- biofuels, wind and solar energy can and should make up an increasingly greater share of our country's energy mix. I support a mandatory, nationwide renewable electricity standard to increase the amount of renewable electricity produced from less than 5 percent currently to a requirement of 15 percent in the next 10 years. However, we need the full suite of energy resources and that includes natural gas and coal. In my State, we have a diverse mix of energy resources, including hydropower, wind, natural gas and coal-fired generation. To keep that available and cost-competitive mix of fuels, a mandatory greenhouse gas reduction program must be linked to an aggressive and dedicated source of funding for reducing the emissions from conventional energy sources. Carbon capture and sequester is a path forward to keep coal as a fuel source, but reduce harmful CO2 emissions. Commercially deployable CCS technology is not yet available. It will take several more years and billions of dollars in research and testing to develop the right types of CCS processes that separate CO2 from the emissions stream. Accordingly, it is important to try to link reductions from existing sources with the likely path of technology development. Is it possible to completely match up reduction targets with technology development? Probably not. Technology develops at an inconsistently timed pace. Nonetheless, a plan that includes an unrealistically optimistic emissions reduction schedule that does not meet up with the resources for next-generation emission reduction technologies will break the program and hamper our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Part of the solution to this challenge resides in ensuring that incumbent as well as new entrant fossil fuel generators can manage price and emission reductions and have the resources to invest in new, low-emitting technologies. Allowance distribution should, as one factor, take into consideration historic emissions in allocating emission allowances. A limited and tightly controlled auction and other distribution calculations can be incorporated into this framework, but if we don't get this part of the program right it could swamp our efforts in other parts of the economy to wring carbon from the production process. The good news is that South Dakotans can bring our strengths to contributing to the solution of a low carbon and economically strong America. Farmers, ranchers and forestland owners can play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture practices and land management decisions that sequester carbon dioxide are cheap and efficient ways to comply with the requirements of a nationwide and mandatory program. The use of limited offsets and the flexibility of producers and landowners to get credit for past, current and future action target an incentive that eases costs for other sectors of the economy while at the same time creating an income stream for rural America. A ton of carbon sequestered, verified, and accounted is as powerful as reducing a ton of carbon from the smokestack of an electric utility or the smelter from a manufacturing facility. There is a strong coalition of Senators who believe that a vigorous offset program should be part of a comprehensive climate bill. Properly administered, offsets lower costs and improve compliance which is why I am confident that such a plan strengthens the objectives of a low carbon economy. Mr. President, I feel confident the Congress can come together and address these challenges. Those deniers of the problem who throw up obstacles and simply say no to any and all avenues for action will find themselves increasingly marginalized and ineffective as the American people demand a serious response to a serious problem. My objectives and concerns should be viewed as a way to make an eventual policy more equitable and efficient. The consequences of taking no action are dire and simply unacceptable. Although the Congress will not find consensus this year on tackling the problem, I am glad that the Senate has started a much needed debate on this issue and count myself in the vast majority of citizens who feel we have the capability to curtail the effects of climate change. (At the request of Mr. Reid, the following statement was ordered to be printed in the Record.) Mr. Byrd. Mr. President, the Constitution places the power of the purse squarely in the hands of Congress. The Lieberman-Warner climate security bill and the Boxer substitute to it, however, thwart the Constitution and longstanding tradition by shifting much spending power to the executive branch. In order to protect Congress's constitutional role to make spending decisions, I have introduced an amendment, cosponsored by Senators Murray, Dorgan, Leahy, Durbin, Feinstein, and Mikulski. Enacting this climate change legislation in its current form would vest unelected executive branch boards and agencies with unprecedented discretion on Federal spending in excess of more than $1.4 trillion in new and existing Federal programs over a span of 38 years. Rather than Congress making decisions on funding and conducting oversight of Federal programs as intended by the Constitution, much of these responsibilities would be in the hands of the executive branch agencies. In one specific case, the burden would be on Congress to stop executive branch decisions on Federal spending related to climate change initiatives. The Climate Change Technology Board would simply have to notify congressional committees 60 days in advance of a funding distribution for a range of energy technology programs. The money would be spent unless Congress could pass a law, signed by the President, to stop it. Effectively, the Senate could only stop the spending if it could muster 67 votes. The legislation would not expire until 2050, meaning that the executive branch would go unchecked on spending decisions related to climate change initiatives for 38 years. Our Founding Fathers clearly did not intend for Congress to relinquish the power of the purse to any President for any issue--and certainly not for nearly four decades on such a crucial and timely issue. The clock is certainly ticking for America to take more responsible action on the global climate security challenge. Congress should retain its active role in funding and oversight of climate security programs, as it does for every other Federal program. It would be irresponsible to concentrate such power in the executive branch and then sit on the side lines watching as Federal agencies take action without a congressional check. There is concern that the new funds raised in this bill through the auctioning of emissions allowances should be spent on the measures authorized in this bill to address climate change. Some may worry that our amendment would allow these new receipts to just sit in the Treasury and not get spent on their intended purpose. That is simply not the case. Our amendment, No. 4920, addresses that concern head-on by granting these receipts special budget treatment and requiring that they be allocated only to the specified purposes and programs authorized in this climate change bill. The Committee on Appropriations would continue its rightful role in allocating these funds. Under this approach--known as ``offsetting collections''--the amounts are appropriated annually in appropriations acts for the specific purposes allowed under the authorization act, but those appropriations are paid for by the auction receipts collected pursuant to the Boxer substitute. The receipts serve to offset the cost of the appropriation. The ``offsetting collections'' model has worked successfully in the past. It has given the authorizing committees that have raised new fees the comfort that their new revenues would be spent on their intended purpose. At the same time, it has given the Committee on Appropriations the ability to continually oversee the spending of these funds and ensure that they are spent responsibly. For example, the Appropriations Committee has successfully coordinated this approach with the Commerce Committee for new receipts that were established after the September 11 tragedy for the costs of the Transportation Security Administration. Every penny of the security fees that were newly established in the Aviation and Transportation Security Act have been appropriated annually by my Homeland Security Appropriations Subcommittee Act and only for the purposes specified in the authorizing law. The purpose of our amendment is not to put a roadblock to these funds being spent. To the contrary, it is to keep honor with the intent of Chairman Boxer and her legislation while simultaneously keeping honor with the Constitution of the United States and the role of the legislative branch.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I pay tribute to the 125th anniversary of the founding of the community of Hoven, SD. After 125 years, this progressive community in the Blue Blanket Valley will have a chance to reflect on its past and future, and I congratulate the people of Hoven for all that they have accomplished. Dating back to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the establishment of the Dakota Territory in 1861, and the Homestead Act of 1862, Hoven is located in Potter County of northeast South Dakota. Settled in 1883 east of Swan Lake, the enterprising prairie town boasted two general stores, a bank, a newspaper, a jewelry store, and two saloons to name only a few businesses. The grand ``Cathedral of the Prairies'' has graced the skyline of Hoven since its completion in the early 20th century. The quasquicentennial festivities over the Fourth of July weekend commence at twilight with a fireworks display. Additionally, the celebration will include a 5K, softball and golf tournaments, a parade, and a ``Missed'' Hoven Pageant, for any males desiring to compete for a pageant crown. Known today as the ``little town with the big church,'' Hoven has grown into a credit to the State of South Dakota with its business prosperity. The people of Hoven will celebrate their achievements July 4-6. I am proud to join with the community members of Hoven in celebrating the last 125 years and looking forward to a promising future.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I wish to honor the city of Gettysburg, SD, and to recognize the 125th anniversary of its founding. Situated in Potter County, Gettysburg's history and success is a testament to the great State of South Dakota. Gettysburg was settled in 1883 by 200 Civil War veterans, thus sharing its name with the historical Pennsylvania battle. In fact, many street, township, and community names in Potter County mimic Civil War history. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroads were a significant boost to the Gettysburg economy, and promoted a thriving agricultural and economic community. Gettysburg even boasts of the first swimming pool in the State of South Dakota being nearby. The 125th anniversary celebration will be held June 27-29, kicking off with an all class reunion. The festivities include a parade, ping- pong ball drop, antique car show, and banquet. For activities outside the celebration weekend, the Gettysburg Country Club's fantastic golf course and Dakota Sunset Museum are a testament to the city's progressive nostalgia. Mr. President, it has been my honor to represent the citizens of Gettysburg as a Member of Congress since 1986. I am proud to publicly recognize Gettysburg and congratulate the community on this achievement. As the people of Gettysburg take this opportunity to appreciate how far the city has come from its beginnings, I know they will understand the important role Gettysburg plays in making South Dakota the great State that it is.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, I wish today to recognize the 125th anniversary of the founding of one of South Dakota's great cities, Pierre. Pierre is the capital of the State, and the county seat of Hughes County. Pierre boasts a robust economy and exceptional quality of life, and things are only getting better for this dynamic city. Pierre was founded in July of 1878, preceding the arrival of the Chicago and North Western Railroads 2 years later. Taking its name from the French fur trader, Pierre Chouteau, Pierre was designated the State capital in 1889. Pierre's citizens are justly proud of their city's history, and they have undertaken numerous successful projects designed to preserve and celebrate this heritage. Today, Pierre is the major trade center of central South Dakota and enjoys an economy mixed with government, agriculture, and plenty of good hunting and fishing with nearby Oahe Dam. The Capital's many attractions include the Capitol Building, built in 1910, and the Fighting Stallions, World War II, Korean, and Vietnam Memorials. The 125th anniversary celebrations are to be held June 18-22, and include the 19th Annual Dakota Duck Derby, parade, fireworks, watermelon eating contest, and antique car show. The Anniversary Gala will bring together the current and past mayors of Pierre to reminisce and appreciate the history of the South Dakota capital. Pierre combines the warmth and friendliness of a small town with the vibrancy associated with larger communities. I am pleased to recognize the achievements of Pierre and to offer my congratulations to the residents of the city on this historic milestone.

Mr. JOHNSON

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, today I wish to recognize the community of Roscoe, SD, on reaching the 125th anniversary of its founding. Located in Edmunds County, Roscoe is a rural community infused with hospitality, beauty, and an exceptional quality of life. Having come far since Sam Basford and Charles Purchase Morgan used a tent as a hotel in April 1883, Roscoe was named after Charles Morgan's good friend Roscoe Conkling. The combination of Basford, Morgan, Engle, and Elliot's land toward the creation of Roscoe led to its importance as a transportation center in 1886 for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. From the boom of migration westward, Roscoe persevered and prospered through life's trials in the great frontier. Today, Roscoe is still a thriving community. There are upwards of 30 active businesses operating in Roscoe, including one of the largest honeybee farms in the Nation, two farm equipment dealerships, seed dealerships, and a post. Roscoe's school is still running, and the town boasts several churches and a public library. The people of Roscoe celebrated this momentous occasion on the weekend of July 4-6. A parade, car show, and local entertainment kick off the celebration, with picnics, art, and games in the beautiful city park. One hundred and twenty five years after its founding, Roscoe remains a vital community and a great asset to the wonderful State of South Dakota. I am proud to honor Roscoe on this historic milestone.