Charlie Rangel

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today in celebration of the birth of Dr. Dorothy Irene Height. For nearly half a century, Dorothy Height has served as a leader in the struggle for equality and human rights. Living by example, her life's work has and will remain a testament to her vision for a just and equitable world for all people. Born in Richmond, Virginia on March 24, 1912 she moved to Ranklin, Pennsylvania, with her parents, at the age of four. Dr. Height demonstrated her intelligence, focus and astonishing oratorical skills early on, winning scholarships and competitions that would aid her in the pursuit of both a bachelors and masters degree, which she completed in four years, at New York University. Dr. Height's career as an activist began when she joined the National Council for Negro Women in 1937. At the time Dr. Height was working as a caseworker for the welfare department in New York. She would go on to join the national staff of the YWCA, serve as national president of Delta Sigma Theta, Incorporated from 1946-1957. Throughout her tenure in these capacities Dr. Height developed leadership training programs, interracial and ecumenical educational programs, and a series of programs--like ``Wednesdays in Mississippi''--designed to bring together people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds to create a dialogue of understanding. Beyond championing a vision of equality and justice for the United States, Dr. Height is renowned for her extensive international and developmental work in education. In her illustrious career she has worked as a national leader, served on numerous appointed committees, and received numerous awards and accolades. It is with great personal joy that I recognize and celebrate the birth anniversary of Dorothy Irene Height, a living legend and a treasure to us all.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to acknowledge the bicentennial of the British abolition of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. On March 25, 1807, the British Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. Acknowledging this day 200 years later is extremely important because it represents a key event to the abolishment of slavery in Great Britain and the United States. Great Britain will begin to participate in various commemorative activities. Today, here in the United States, the United Nations is also observing the bicentennial by convening a special General Assembly session where speakers from around the globe will discuss their viewpoints about slavery. Rex Nettleford, a historian, will deliver the keynote. I applaud and thank the United Nations and Great Britain for recognizing the historic importance of the passage of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. There is a need for people in the United States and around the world to remember and be reminded of the institution of slavery and its impact on the world during times other than Black History Month. The immeasurable sacrifices endured by enslaved people are too significant to be forgotten. I appreciate the work done by so many people and organizations that provide education on slavery and events that led to freedom of slaves in the United States and other countries. Educating people about slavery and the struggle for freedom provides an excellent opportunity to improve race relations, cultural understanding, and diversity. I have introduced a resolution commemorating the British Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. I urge my colleagues to join me in supporting this resolution. One year from now, the United States will participate in activities related to the abolishment of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. I look forward to those activities next year.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I move to suspend the rules and pass the bill (H.R. 1562) to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to extend and expand certain rules with respect to housing in the GO Zones, as amended.

Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, once again I find myself thanking Mr. McCrery, the ranking member, and members of the minority on the Ways and Means Committee for moving forward to a piece of legislation, agreeing that it go to the suspension calendar and, more importantly, working with us in bringing about changes in order to make certain that we have a pay-for that is appreciated by the House. This is important legislation. The Nation suffered a tremendous natural setback with Katrina. Thousands of people in Mississippi and Louisiana felt the pain. And somehow we are sluggishly moving towards some type of solution of this real problem. One of the major problems, of course, is housing, people not being able to come back. We on the Ways and Means Committee can play some small part in putting together tax incentives to move forward, to make certain that these people have a place to stay and go back to their home. More important, I am so pleased that John Lewis will be managing this bill, a man of compassion, a man of understanding, a man that understands the real pain that people have felt and continue to feel. I don't think there is any Member in the House that I would rather see associated with a bill that brings some type of relief to people who have felt so much pain. So, Mr. Speaker, with your permission, I would like to ask Mr. Lewis from the sovereign State of Georgia, an outstanding Member of Congress, to manage the remainder of this time and to distribute it as he sees fit.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, the Center for an Urban Future recently released a report titled, ``A World of Opportunity.'' The ``report reiterates the fact that immigrant entrepreneurs are key engines of growth for many cities in the United States. Every census taken from 1880 to 1990 has revealed that immigrants were self-employed significantly more than American-born natives. The number of immigrant entrepreneurs in 2005 was 350 out of 100,000, compared to 280 of 100,000 for those born in the United States. Research maintains that immigrant entrepreneurs have made positive contributions to the U.S. economy for more than a century. Nowhere are the contributions of self-employed immigrants, to urban economies, more visible than in New York City, where people migrate from almost every part of the world. Despite ethnic differences, New York City immigrants often arrive with an entrepreneurial determination. Over the past 10 to 15 years, immigrant entrepreneurs have fueled much of the overall growth in new businesses across the City and have triggered dramatic turnarounds in neighborhoods. Communities such as Sunset Park, Flushing, Richmond Hill and Washington Heights have all reaped from the seeds of growth powered by immigrant owned businesses. There is no doubt that Immigrants will continue to make significant contributions to the City's economic growth in the future. There are several reasons why immigrants start their own businesses and in such record numbers. The risk of a business venture appears comparatively minimal to the surmountable risk immigrants have already taken when packing up their homes and moving to a country where the majority of the people do not speak their native language. Another motivation for immigrants to open up their own businesses is the recognition that they can offer a variety of products and services that many other entrepreneurs cannot. Similarly, many immigrants prefer the solace that comes with owning a business instead of having to deal with the numerous struggles and frustrations of participating in the large business work force where immigrants are often discriminated against, paid unfairly and required to work uncommon hours. The stereotype that immigrant businesses represent small ``mom-and- pop shops'' such as restaurants and local grocery stores no longer holds true. Immigrant entrepreneurs have a growing presence in several vital sectors of the New York City's economy such as: biotechnology, construction, food manufacturing, mass transportation, telecommunications and restaurant equipment sales. Every year, Inc. Magazine publishes what they call the ``Inc. 500,'' a list of America's fastest growing privately owned businesses. In 2005, 55 of Inc. Magazine's 500 business owners were immigrants. Collectively their companies employed more than 14,000 individuals and contributed almost $1.4 billion to the U.S. economy. At a time in which outsourcing and corporate mergers are on the rise, it is likely that small, home-grown businesses will only become more integral to New York City's future economic success. However, while celebrating these successes and contributions it is important to remember that many immigrants face considerable challenges when deciding to open a business. New York's regulatory environment can be daunting to any entrepreneur. The addition of language and cultural barriers, in many cases, exacerbate this process. Nonetheless, there are numerous organizations dedicated to educating entrepreneurs about how to start a business and overcome obstacles to growth, such as Seedco and the Economic Development Corporation, which offer classes on how to start a business, in Spanish and Chinese. I commend all of those who have migrated to the United States in search of the American dream, pursuing happiness by establishing their own businesses and contributing positively to the fabric of our country's economy.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to express my full support for H.R. 137, the Animal Fighting Prohibition Enforcement Act. I join my other colleagues from both sides of the aisle, animal rights organizations, and local law enforcement agencies to address the inhumane treatment of animals. This bill has received widespread support for several reasons. First, animal fighting is terribly wrong. It is simply inappropriate and unacceptable for animals to be trained to attack and kill each other for the sole purpose of entertainment and illegal gambling. Use of animals in this manner is not only inhumane, but downright primitive and ugly. People who participate in these unlawful activities should be caught and punished. Second, this bill will help to deter animal fighting by strengthening the penalties for those who are involved in the various aspects of animal fights. For too long the punishment has been too lenient. It is important to send a message that these cruel acts against animals will not be tolerated. Third, the State laws will be in alignment with Federal laws. Progress has been made since the enactment of federal animal fighting laws in 1976. Currently, dog fighting is a felony in 48 States and cockfighting a felony in 33 states. Laws are needed at both the State and local levels to ensure decreases in dog fighting and animal cruelty. I urge other colleagues to support this bill. I applaud the work done by animal rights organizations and law enforcement agencies to assist with protecting animals from inhumane treatment.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I wish to express my full support for a National Medal of Honor Day to be reserved every March 25th as called for by H. Con. Res 47. Reserving March 25th as National Medal of Honor Day, is a significant way to reemphasize the immeasurable sacrifices of veterans who have already been honored by receiving the Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration. Too often, especially in times of peace, the sacrifices of veterans are not valued and remembered. It is particularly important to continuously acknowledge the blood, sweat, and tears they shed so that all Americans could live in a section of the world where freedom reigns. It has been quoted, ``Freedom is not free.'' We all know that is true. This measure would offer a good opportunity to educate young people about the importance to strive for excellence, the value of hard work, and the sacrifices of veterans. This is dear to me not only because I'm a veteran, but because very soon the Tuskegee Airmen will be presented with the Congressional Medal of Honor. I am extremely proud to say that I sponsored a bill that was passed by this great body and signed by the President to bestow this honor on them. The Tuskegee Airmen will go down in history for being a part of a select and distinguished group of African American veterans to receive this honor. I'm grateful for their service and to this body for acknowledging their bravery and heroism. At this time, I would also like to pay homage to all other veterans who have been in receipt of this highly esteemed award. While there are men and women on the battlefield as I speak, I urge my colleagues to take this opportunity to join me in supporting a National Medal of Honor Day, which will recognize past, present, and future outstanding veterans in receipt of the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I wish to express my support for the Depository Institution Community Development Investments Enhancement Act, an act to reinvest in communities across America. As you may recall, I strongly pushed for the Empowerment Zone legislation that was passed in the 90's. I'm supporting this act not only because it reminds me of the ambitious Empowerment Zone legislation, but because legislation like this sends Americans a message that Congress believes community development is important. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and other natural disasters in the Gulf Coast, a bill that supports redeveloping those communities impacted and other distressed communities across America is vitally important. People who live in those areas have suffered hardships with the loss and damage to homes, loss of jobs, and shut down of businesses. It is imperative for Congress to let them know that we care about that loss and to show them just that by supporting this act. Further, this act would allow certain financial institutions the opportunity to support community re-development. Support from the financial institutions is a critical element. Financial institutions interested in revitalizing communities should have the tools to do so. In the district I represent, I have witnessed the benefits of revitalization first hand. As a result of the Empowerment Zone, the Harlem area is thriving. Homes have been renovated and purchased. Businesses have opened and are thriving. Some jobs have been created. All of this brings hope to people. It is particularly important to continuously acknowledge the blood, sweat, and tears they shed so that all Americans could live in a section of the world where freedom reigns. It has been quoted, ``Freedom is not free.'' We all know that is true.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to enter into the Record an op-ed article drafted by Tony Best and printed the Carib News. The article, ``A Racial Slur That Causes Black Nanny To Cringe: Why New York City Council May Ban Use of N-Word,'' published March 6, 2007, highlights the power of the word and the need for more thoughtful conversation about its implications and usage. As stated in the article, the N-word is ``a degrading term and should never be used to describe anyone.'' These words are particularly salient for Cindy Carter, a West Indian nanny who was physically and verbally disrespected by her employer, who insisted in calling her a ``stupid N-'' among other equally offensive expressions. Since its inception the word has been used to pierce the minds and hearts of black people throughout the Diaspora. Despite being ``reclaimed'' by generations who prefer to use the term as a familiar greeting for one another--an attempt to take a word that has been historically used by whites to degrade and oppress black people, a word that has so many negative connotations, and turn it into something beautiful--the slur is abusive, ignorant and derogatory. I applaud the work of Mr. Best and New York City Council persons, led by member Leroy Comrie of Queens to call for a moratorium on the use of the N-word in our city. A Racial Slur That Causes Black Nanny To Cringe, Why New York City Council May Ban Use of N-Word (By Tony Best) Every time Cindy Carter, a West Indian who lives and works as a nanny on Long Island, hears the racial slur, it brings back nightmares. ``It's an awful word,'' said the young woman referring to the infamous and derogatory N-word. Her nightmares go back to 2005 when an employer, Fontaine Sheridan, allegedly pushed her down some steps at the white woman's Massapequa Park home in Nassau County, scattered her clothes on the lawn, screamed vulgar expressions, called her a ``stupid nigger'' and ordered her to get ``off my (obscenity) property.'' The housewife didn't stop there. She reportedly told the Black woman who had been looking after her children, ``I have been waiting for three years to call you a nigger.'' Almost a year later, Sheridan pleaded guilty to simple assault in a Nassau County court and was placed on probation, ordered to do community service and to attend anger management classes. The N-word and the circumstances surrounding Carter's injury, allegedly at the hands of her former employer are at the heart of a federal civil rights case in which Carter is seeking substantial damages from the Sheridan family for abusing her civil rights. Fred Brewington, one of New York State's top civil rights attorneys, is handling Carter's case. ``It's a degrading term and should never be used to describe anyone,'' said the West Indian. The slur, its abusive use and why it should be banned are the subject of a resolution, which is to be debated by the New York City Council this week in Manhattan. Introduced by City Councilmember, Leroy Comrie of Queens, the measures describes the word as ``an ignorant and derogatory'' insult. Because of constitutional issues, such as the First Amendment right of free speech, the resolution which calls for a moratorium on the use of the word in New York City wouldn't have the force of law but its approval would be symbolic while drawing attention to the importance of not using it. Austin ``Tom'' Clarke, one of Canada's top novelist whose book, ``The Polished Hoe,'' won the Giller Prize, Canada's equivalent of the Pulitzer and then went on to be chosen a few years ago as the best novel in the Commonwealth of nations in Africa, the Caribbean, Asia, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, objects to the use of the term. ``It is a degrading word meant to be just that, degrading and no one, including Blacks should find it acceptable,'' he said sometime ago in Brooklyn. ``I vigorously object to its use.'' Irving Burgie, the composer of some of the world's best known music, such as ``Day-O,'' ``Island in the Sun,'' ``Jamaica farewell'' and ``Mary's Boy Child,'' agrees with Comrie, Clarke and other advocates of its ban. ``The history of its use has always been degrading and there is nothing redeeming about it,'' he said from his home in Hollis Queens. ``We shouldn't try to fool ourselves about that. ``Burgie was referring to the rappers who have embodied ``nigga'' in their lyrics and contend it's a term of endearment when used by Blacks to describe other Blacks. For example, Mos Def, a rapper, said in 1999 that they had taken ``a word that has been historically used by whites to degrade and oppress us, a word that has so many negative connotations, and turning it into something beautiful, something we can call our own.'' Linguists and others trace the origin of its use in the U.S. to 1619 when John Rolfe, a colonist in Jamestown wrote in his diary that a Dutch ship had arrived there with 20 `negars,'' meaning African captives. While some scholars argued that Rolfe's use of the word wasn't meant as a slur but was simply another way of describing ``Negroes'' others contend that it was always designed as a pejorative expression. Nineteenth century American literature was laced with it, reflecting the attitudes of White racists and slave owners who believed that ``niggers'' were sub-human species. But Black rappers and a few Black comedians began incorporating it in their using it more than 25 years ago, giving it some measure of acceptance among young Blacks who object to its use by whites. Comrie and the resolution's supporters contend the use of the N-word by Blacks is misguided because the young people don't ``realize how their self-image is debilitated when they use this awful word in public.''

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to recognize the birth anniversary of General Casimir Pulaski, the Polish Hero of the Revolutionary War. Often referred to as the father of American cavalry, Kazimierz Michal Waclaw Wiktor Pulaski herbu Slepowron, more commonly referred to as General Casimir Pulaski, was born in 1746 in Winiary. Born into one of the most notable families in the region, he was sent away at a young age to be educated. Working alongside his father Jozef in 1768, Pulaski co-founded the Bar Confederation, an insurrectionists group that aimed to limit the spread of Russian hegemony, a threat to Policy liberty and Catholicism, throughout the commonwealth. With the motto of ``For Faith and Freedom,'' Pulaski participated in leading a confederation which fought for these goals. Pulaski gained renown during the battle of 1771 and went on to assert his leadership skills, military adroitness and valor in several battles before being exiled for a failed attempt to abduct the king. Although his efforts failed, Pulaski's leadership and courage inspired many. In 1777 Pulaski traveled to the United States and met with General George Washington. Pulaski transformed soldiers into highly mobile forces, instituting the idea of a cavalry; soldiers who fought mounted on horseback. He would go on to lead several successful battles before sustaining a fatal gunshot wound in 1779. Americans and Polish citizens alike have recognized Pulaski's heroism and commitment to freedom for centuries. He is honored, in both countries, in statue and in ceremony. In death, as in life, he remains a symbol of courage, commitment and friendship between Poland and the United States.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to enter into the record an article by Michael D. Roberts published on February 27, 2007 in the Carib News, entitled: The Political Contributions of a Great Son of the Caribbean, Polemics of Garvey's Ideology Garveyism Is Black Action-Oriented and Just as Applicable, Today--An Analysis. The article reminds us of Marcus Mosiah Garvey's ideals of Black nationalism, the need to relinquish what he referred to as mental slavery and the importance of Black pride. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was a pioneer and is credited with creating the biggest movement of people of African descent. In the 1920's, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), an international self-help organization with the goal of working for the general uplift of people of African ancestry. At its zenith, the UNIA had over a million members. This movement is said to have had more participation from people of African descent than the Civil Rights Movement, making it the largest Pan- African movement ever. For the last several years I have sought to clear the name of Marcus Mosiah Garvey, which was tarnished by an unjust prosecution and conviction by the United States Government. I introduced H. Con. Res. 24, Expressing the sense of the Congress that the President should grant a pardon to Marcus Mosiah Garvey to clear his name and affirm his innocence of crimes for which he was unjustly prosecuted and convicted. Marcus Garvey once exhorted, ``Up you mighty race, accomplish what you will.'' I have always believed that every Black child should know these words, and from whom they came. By passing this legislation we will be giving a gift to all people and acknowledge Garvey's teachings. I urge my colleagues to recognize the contributions of Marcus Mosiah Garvey and support H. Con. Res. 24. The Political Contributions of a Great Son of the Caribbean Polemics of Garvey's Ideology Garveyism Is ``Black Action-Oriented'' and Just as Applicable Today--an Analysis (By Michael D. Roberts) For Marcus Mosiah Garvey, his ministry was clear--the complete, total and never-ending redemption of the continent of Africa by the people of African ancestry at home and abroad. This was his strategic aim and objective. His ``Back to Africa'' and ``Black is Beautiful'' were consciousness building tools that hold relevance today though some scholars will argue that the time for literally ``going back to Africa'' has long gone. But there is another school of thought that is relevant today and that is that ``Back to Africa'' does not simply mean hopping onto a plane and visiting Africa. It means learning about Africa, embracing her culture and identifying with African history. That is something that Blacks in the Diaspora must do if, as the late great reggae superstar Bob Marley says they must, ``liberate themselves from mental slavery.'' I contend that an ideology is, at its most fundamental stage, simply a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a ``science of ideas.'' Thus, an ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision; as a way of looking at things in common sense with several philosophical tendencies. Ideologies therefore differ depending on socio-economic and political nuances and class relations in a society and the dominance (or lack of it) by one class over another (dominant ideology). And while I'm at it let me try and define Garveyism so that this analysis can take on the significance that such an ideology deserves and exposes its essential lessons for 2007 and beyond. To more learned scholars on the subject and definition experts I readily admit my shortcomings but will try within the confines of this definition to set the stage for my discourse on Garveyism. The ideology of Garveyism is that detachment of Black Nationalism which takes its core values and source from the works, words and actions of The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) and their founder Marcus Mosiah Garvey. The basic tenet of Garveyism is its laser-like focus on the complete, total and neverending redemption of the continent of Africa by people of African ancestry, at home and abroad. It is rooted in one basic idea: ``whatsoever things common to man that man has done, man can do''. Therefore, according to Garveyism, Africans in the Diaspora must have an uncompromising and unwavering commitment to the universal improvement of the Black race since its redemption will restore Mother Africa to her former greatness. But how did this potent mix of Black Nationalism, Pan- Africanism, and African patriotism become so enmeshed in this Black Liberation ideology that today is paid little attention by Black leaders in America and the Caribbean who believe that rabblerousing and posturing are the tools to advance the Black race? Let us revisit history for these answers. In 1916 Marcus Mosiah Garvey (1887-1940) brought his budding Black Nationalist organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to Harlem. He had formed this organization two years before, in 1914, just as the big guns were booming and wholesale slaughter was taking place during the barbarism of the First World War in Europe. UNIA itself was born out of Garvey's experience with racism, discrimination, and injustice both in his homeland Jamaica, and in other parts of the world where he traveled, and where Blacks were always at the bottom rung of the social, political and economic ladder. But Garveyism, as his philosophy and principles are now known, remains today, in 2007, an ideology largely underutilized and to some extent shunned by those who would lead Blacks to their promised land--wherever that may be. Nonetheless, Garveyism is a most powerful weapon and preaches a Black revolutionary path to achieving Black liberation. Firstly Garveyism sees the Black problem as having to do with the cultural, economic and psychological degeneration of the Black race by centuries of slavery and racial stereotyping. Garvey himself believed that Blacks lacked knowledge and pride in their African ancestry and therefore were easy prey to the ravages and machinations of white racism. This philosophy gained immense popularity in the early twenties when Garveyism was the most popular form of Pan- Africanism (a movement of union and recognition of cultural similarity and commonality of interests of all of the countries of Africa and Africans in the Diaspora) among Caribbean-Americans and African-Americans. It was an ideology which would find wide acceptance among Black leaders in Africa waging anti-colonialist struggles for independence and freedom. But central to the teachings of Garveyism is the issue of race. Marcus Garvey felt that the Black man (and woman) was universally oppressed at the hands of the white power structure and that any program of emancipation would have to be developed around the question of race first. By establishing a clear perspective on the racial question Garveyism outlined a comprehensive program of political, social, and economic action aimed at the total liberation of the Black race. So that in 1916, the same year that he brought the UNIA to Harlem, Garvey convened the First Black Parliament which had an international flavor. In an historical context the principles outlined by Garvey and which form the basis of Garveyism today set the guidelines for all succeeding Pan- Africanist organizations all over the world and throughout the Black Diaspora. Garveyism's cultural principles Garvey used the UNIA newspaper ``The Negro World'' to combat the negative propaganda of white supremacist groups who held that the Black man was biologically inferior and therefore should be happy to remain enslaved. He waged a constant campaign against all forms of racism from whatever quarter they came--white or Black. Garvey debunked the commonly held white myth about Black people being visited with a biblical Hamitic curse telling Blacks that their history was one of greatness, achievement and pride. UNIA (motto: `One God! One Aim! One Destiny!') and the ``Negro World'' sponsored Black beauty contests and published photographs of Black women, Garvey called them ``Black Queens of Beauty,'' and numerous cultural programs aimed at uplifting the Black race and developing racial consciousness. To the critics who assailed Garvey over the fact that he was placing too much emphasis on the issue of Blackness and race, saying that his focus should have been on the broader problem of humanity, Garvey, in his typical blunt fashion, argued that it was not humanity which was being ``lynched, burned, Jim Crowed and segregated'' but Black people. So deep was the issue of race to Garvey that he has left us with a major statement on the primacy of race in all things. This is how he put it: ``In a world of wolves one should go armed, and one of the most powerful defensive weapons within the reach of Negroes is the practice of race first in all parts of the world.'' It is a lesson which modern-day Black leaders would do well to revisit. Garveyism's economic program Garveyism places economic emphasis on the development of Black-owned businesses. That is because although Garvey believed that the racial consciousness of Black people was of paramount importance, he also understood that without economic power Blacks would still be the targets of exploitation, oppression and discrimination. Garveyism has left a practical approach to the issue of Black economics which is more than applicable in today's troubled times of economic scarcity and uncertainty. Marcus Garvey was not just an excellent orator. He was a Pan-Africanist revolutionary who believed in positive action. The Black Star lines (an international commercial and passenger steamship line), the African Commercial league and African Factories Corporation (formed in 1922) were economic organizations developed by Garvey aimed at the economic liberation of the Black race. And although many reactionary scholars pushing a Eurocentric line have tried to ridicule the idea of the Black Star Line, the powerful example of a great visionary can never be smeared. Garvey understood the importance of international trade and Black self-reliance. It was this self-reliance which led him and his followers to form Black- owned laundries, Black-owned restaurants, and Black-owned grocery stores. Garvey encouraged Blacks to buy from Black businesses and even went so far as to have Black factories manufacture Black dolls for Black children. Undoubtedly these principles of Garveyism should be dusted off by the leaders of Black America and the Caribbean today and used as a guide to positive action in these days when the Black Diaspora is coming under attack and the gains of past years are being threatened with erosion. Garveyism's education program Garvey stressed the importance of education beginning from the position that white educational values had completely contaminated the Black mind. In this Garvey was right. For one of the first and most lasting forms of slavery, is in fact ``mental slavery.'' Garvey saw that it was fundamentally important to re-educate the Black race using Black history and African heritage as the building blocks. To this end Garvey formed the Liberty University, a vocational training school in Virginia which was modeled after Washington's Tuskegee Institute. This school was part of a wider program of ongoing education which the UNIA launched to combat the years of white conditioning of Black minds. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was a giant of his time. No Black leader has so completely dominated the Black liberation struggle since his ministry. The sad thing is that the ideology and philosophy which bear his name is not used as a major tool today by present day Black leaders. But history is full of the successes of Garveyism. The ruling African National Congress (ANC) party of South Africa began as a Garveyite organization and many of its guiding principles today have been developed using the tenets of Garveyism. Malcolm X's father was a Garveyite who was killed by the Ku Klux Klan and the famous African and Ghanian anti-colonialist and pro-independence leader Kwame Nkrumah was also a Garveyite. They understood the necessity to ``go armed in a world of wolves.'' Today, Garvey's contribution to Black history stands out as a monumental work of sacrifice and dedication. It is a pity that as the Black Diaspora suffers at the hands of international reaction in the form of white supremacists here in the United States and neo-Nazi skinheads in Europe. Black leaders are still failing to go armed among the wolves. For the world of wolves have become much more sophisticated, but the same problems which confronted Garvey more than half a century ago, still plague the Black community and race today. The wolves have become more sophisticated, more organized, and have traded in their white hoods, masks and sheets for Armani business suits.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to enter into the Record an opinion editorial published in the Carib News newspaper the week ending February 27, 2007, titled ``Black History Month: The Hand of People From the Caribbean Seen in Every Aspect of Human Development''; as well as an article appearing the same week in the CaribNews paper, entitled, ``A Celebration of the Caribbean-American Contribution to Black History: Achievement and Hard-Won Successes Caribbean-Americans Have Added to the Rich Cultural Tapestry of the United States,'' by Michael D. Roberts. I cannot agree more with the author. Now is the time to reflect on past achievements of immigrants of Caribbean descent and their impact on our country, as well as look to the future with an abundance of hope that their continual contributions to the United States will resonate through eternity. Since the abolition of slavery in 1834, the Caribbean has provided the primary source of the growth of the Black population in the U.S. Today many Caribbean workers residing in the U.S. are entrepreneurs and small business owners. They can be found working in hospitals, at construction sites and in technology and communication industries. They act as agents of social change in this country by participating in local, State and Federal Government, representing their communities while simultaneously inspiring others abroad to strive for stability and democracy in the homeland. Caribbean-Americans represent a large part of my district and have made a substantial contribution to the fabric of New York City's economy and they contribute to the diversity that characterizes the United States of America. I ask my colleagues to join me in recognition of the contributions of the Caribbean-American population in the U.S. Black History Month: The Hand of People From the Caribbean Seen in Every Aspect of Human Development ``When the great day of our liberation comes, we will find the West Indian foremost in the ranks of those fighting with his armor on and his sword raised aloft.'' Fenton Johnson, an African-American editor, poet and political activist in Chicago was looking back while keeping his eyes on the prize ahead of him in 1919. ``In every industry, in every profession, in every trade, we find this son of the islands holding aloft the banner of Ethiopia,'' he added. Although much of what he had in mind: the black political, cultural and economic awakening, has been achieved, a lot remains to be done. But as we celebrate Black History Month and the achievements of African-Americans, some things are quite clear: African Americans and people from the Caribbean have been consistent allies. Secondly, there is need for even more trust in each other. Frederick Douglass, the ex-slave and the golden trombone of the 19th century anti-slavery movement and one of the leaders of the abolition crusade recognized the need for this united effort when more than 170 years ago he said: ``Let no American, especially no colored American, withhold a generous recognition of this stupendous achievement.'' The great achievement he had in mind as he addressed immigrants from the Caribbean islands in Elmira in New York was the impact of emancipation of slaves in the West Indies in the 1830s. ``Emancipation in the West Indies was the first bright star in the stormy sky,'' was the way he put it in Elmira, New York in 1880. It was more than that. (It was) ``The first ray of hope'' for African slaves in America, he insisted, was a reason to continue to fight, agitate, revolt and runaway from atrocities perpetrated across the land by white slave owners who considered four million people nothing more than ``beasts of burden.'' But emancipation in the Caribbean, which spawned expressions of joy and happiness, came at a price, thousands of lives lost in the revolts against the brutality of European domination. As Douglass pointed out, ``the emancipation of our brothers in the West Indies came home to us and stirs our hearts and fills our souls with grateful sentiments which link mankind in a common brotherhood.'' That's why it is so important to recognize the contributions of people from the Caribbean to the development of human civilization long before and after slavery was abolished. The contributions were recorded in all areas of human endeavor and they have had an impact on the wide range of emotions--exhilaration after outstanding successes, sadness over the loss of life during the struggle for freedom and hope for what may be ahead. From the fight for freedom from British colonialism in North America and the Caribbean, the growth of agriculture, including the sugar industry, the rule of law, and the struggle for independence and sovereignty to the outstanding educational advancement, literary accomplishments, global recognition as an incubator for sports stars, entertainment, and social and economic development, the Caribbean and its people have made their mark on society. Dr. Winston James, a history professor at Columbia University in New York, listed some of them in his book, ``Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia,'' which should be read by those searching for factual information about how we got where we are today. Denmark Vesey, who organized a Black uprising in Charleston in 1832, was from the Virgin Islands. John Russwurm, a Jamaican, was among the first Blacks to graduate from an American college and in the Spring of 1827, a year after he left Bowdoin College in Maine, he joined forces with the Rev. Samuel Cornish and launched the Freedom Journal, the first Black newspaper in the country. Robert Elliott, one of the most erudite 19th century members of the U.S. House of Representatives and a strong advocate of civil rights in the Reconstruction era was also from Jamaica. Crispus Attucks, the first person to give his life fighting for the independence of the United States, was from Barbados and Prince Hall, also a Barbadian founded the Black Masonic lodge and led the struggle in Massachusetts to educate Blacks in the country. Marcus Garvey, the leader of the greatest Black mass movement of the 20th century, was also from the West Indies. Derek Walcott and Prof. Sir Arthur Lewis, two of the great Nobel Laureates, came from St. Lucia. Today political, social and business leaders from almost every Caribbean country are carrying on that tradition of accomplishment at home in the Caribbean, in England, continental Europe, Africa, Latin America and other regions of the world. That rich history of making a difference on the stage of life and of setting examples that the rest of the world can follow is undeniable and underscores the value of Black History Month and the need to examine the role of people from the Caribbean. This is a time to reflect on past achievements and look to the future with an abundance of hope. A Celebration of the Caribbean-American Contribution to Black History: Achievement and Hard-Won Successes Caribbean-Americans Have Added to the Rich Cultural Tapestry of the United States (By Michael D. Roberts) Today, nobody can doubt the sterling contribution of Caribbean-Americans to the growth and development of America. And it's been a long history of proven commitment for those who have made this country their adopted homeland. That our ancestry from Africa labored without reward or recompense in the dark days of slavery underscores the stake that Caribbean-Americans have here in 2007. And for the ignorant and uninformed few who consider Caribbean-Americans outsiders, just sponging off the legacy of American hospitality, I say this--read your history. But not so long ago, it used to be the politically correct thing to deny one's Caribbean-American roots. Indeed, early Caribbean immigrants only wanted to assimilate into the American mainstream. Don't rock the boat. Hide your Caribbean identity; speak ``yankee'' in a few days. Never speak in public about the ``old country.'' But even with this sentiment finding favor among certain sections of the growing Caribbean community, Caribbean nationals, later to be fully assimilated into American life by the honorific name ``Caribbean-Americans,'' formed alliances, and remained at the vanguard of the Black struggle in their adopted homeland. Today, the term ``Caribbean-American'' is synonymous with hard work, a growing community of highly literate and skilled people, a landed immigrant community taking hold of and fashioning with a true ``Caribbean flavor'' all those areas of American infrastructure--from government to religion. And while there is still some way to go before we can truly say that this community has ``come of age,'' that should never diminish the contribution that these immigrants from the Caribbean have made and continue to make on the American scene. Still, many stories are told even today about the early Caribbean immigrants who waged those initial struggles to be accepted by both Black and white America alike and for economic well-being. For the most part, these early immigrants, many of whom came from the middle and professional classes in their various Caribbean island homelands, were forced to take low-paying, menial jobs on the way up the social and economic ladder. They drove taxis, tended bar, worked in people's kitchens as housemaids, and did two jobs, and sometimes three, to help the family here and ``back home.'' And in today's climate of xenophobia, and the sustained attack on the immigrant community, Caribbean-Americans living here must be reminded that they are not all ``wards of the state,'' and recipients of the legacy of white folks. Indeed, the Caribbean-American experience and achievement in the United States, and their unequalled penchant for hard work, is chronicled in the pages of Black History. And there can be absolutely no doubt that starting with the American War of Independence, Caribbean-Americans have been involved and at the forefront of every major struggle in the liberation of Black America. From the War of Independence to the New Deal to the Civil Rights Era, the Caribbean-American record in their adopted homeland is one of which generations yet unborn can be very proud. Beginning with Crispus Attucks, the Barbadian man who was the first casualty of the War of Independence, to modern day leaders all over the country, Caribbean-Americans have excelled. Hard work, dedication, and a commitment to excellence at all and every level have marked their sojourn in America. Today this large, dynamic and growing community is recognized as one of the most affluent, educated, and upwardly mobile ones within the wider Black and immigrant communities--and the American society as a whole. Despite many hardships, Caribbean-Americans have focused on getting ahead. Now the early generation of immigrants is almost retired, own their own homes, and have sent their children to college. They have also educated themselves along the way. This rising middle class has only now begun to flex its political muscle since the economic and social tasks have now been completed. First and second generations of Caribbean-Americans, those born here in America, have helped this community put down its roots, thus becoming an important part of American life. These new torchbearers will build and solidify the foundations started by the tremendous hard work, sacrifices and tenacity that their grandfathers and fathers have built. On their journey Caribbean-Americans have drawn on the achievements of many who traced their roots to the Caribbean region in the persons of Hulan Jack, legendary trade unionist Raymond Jones, ``The Fox of Harlem,'' and one of the first Caribbean-American members of New York's City Council, the king-maker Fred Samuels. Upon the shoulders of these pioneering Caribbean-American leaders now stands a modern generation of new leaders in all areas of American life. The entertainment industry is littered with the names and achievements of Caribbean- American actors like Cecily Tyson, whose portrayal of Harriet Tubman, the legendary Black freedom fighter is considered a classic; Harry Belafonte, singer, actor, activist, and ambassador of goodwill; and Sydney Poitier, exquisite actor of film and television. Today's crop of actors who trace their roots to the Caribbean are no less impressive: Sheryl Ralph and Delroy Lindo from Jamaica. Two Caribbean-Americans, former Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, the first elected Black woman to the United States Congress, and Trinidadian Congressman Mervyn Dymally, were indefatigable fighters for the cause of Blacks. Both have made their marks on national and international politics. As did the deceased former Stokely Carmichael, now Kwame Toure, who was born in Trinidad and Tobago, and who excelled during the Civil Rights/Black Power era in the United States. Of course, the work and dedication of the late Cleveland Robinson, a Jamaican who marched with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and who helped him plot the course of the Civil Rights struggle, also stands out, as well as his lifelong commitment to workers' rights in the trade union movement. Retired General Colin Powell, the youngest Chief of Staff of the United States Armed Forces and former United States Secretary of State, was blessed by having a Jamaican mother and father. Minister Louis Farrakhan, leader of the powerful and influential Nation of Islam, traces his roots to the tiny Caribbean island of St. Kitts. And the legendary Malcolm X's mother came from the revolutionary island of Grenada, while his father was a Jamaican. Today, New York is home to a little over two million Caribbean-Americans and while there is still some way to go, Caribbean-Americans have prospered and excelled. Indeed the impressive list of achievements reflects strong and bold strides in every area in the fight for social and economic justice. Caribbean- Americans have partnered with African-Americans in forging a common understanding and a need to work in each other's interests. Not only that, Caribbean-Americans have reached out to other immigrant communities to broaden the base of the socio-economic and political struggle. This natural dynamic has spawned the likes of Congresswoman Yvette Clarke, Assemblyman Nick Perry, Former City Councilwoman Una Clarke, Councilman Dr. Kendall B. Stewart, deceased Assemblywoman Pauline Rhodd Cummings, former City Councilman Rev. Lloyd Henry and State Senator John Sampson, in the present political arena. Social and educational interaction has produced Nobel Prize winner, the St. Lucian playwright Derek Walcott, the novelist Paulie Marshall, the basketball stars, Patrick Ewing and Tim Duncan and many, many others. So this record of not remaining aloof from the fracas that is American life and politics is clearly outlined in Black historical records. Caribbean-Americans have also had to contend with similar problems faced by African-Americans, and then some more. They have had to deal with the problems of racism and discrimination. They have been used as handy scapegoats when opportunistic politicians needed a vulnerable group of people to beat up on. And they have been used as an unwitting tool against each other in the devious tactic of divide, rule and conquer. Recent problems of having to come to grips with a horrendous xenophobic climate and some very draconian immigration laws which all but say to immigrants, ``You are not welcomed here,'' has literally placed this community under siege. And compounding these problems is the pervasive nature of neo-racism which hits all Blacks--not only Caribbean-Americans. For many Caribbean-Americans, like their African-American brothers and sisters, education is the key to liberation and thousands have taken advantage of these opportunities in the United States. They have succeeded despite the constant changing of the rules and the shifting of the bar to perpetuate a program of exclusion. The Caribbean-American contribution to Black and American history is a saga of struggle, dedication and commitment to success. Caribbean-Americans have defied all odds and surmounted every obstacle along the way. They have formed alliances and forged new partnerships to defend and protect common interests. They have brought their political savviness to the Black liberation struggle. And they have made America richer for the experience.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today in support of H. Res. 98 honoring the life and achievements of the late Dr. John Garang de Mabior and reaffirming the continued commitment of the House of Representatives to ensuring peace in the Sudan. Born in 1945 to a poor family in Wagkulei village in Sudan, Dr. Garang was orphaned by the age of ten. Described as charismatic and a natural leader, he joined the first Sudanese civil war in 1962 but, because of his youth, was encouraged to pursue his education. After obtaining a B.A. in economics in 1969 from Grinnell College, an M.A. and Ph.D. from Iowa State University and studying East African agricultural economics as a Thomas J. Watson Fellow at the University of Dar es Salaam he returned home to join the Sudanese rebels. A professional military man, Dr. Garang quickly rose through the ranks of the Sudanese military, which he joined following the Addis Ababa agreement of 1972. Peter Moszynski, a writer and aid worker who covered the Sudanese war, describes Dr. Garang as ``an expert in survival: someone who knew how to bend with the wind yet maintain his political objectives, someone who knew how to seem all things to all men.'' This description not only captures the enigmatic nature of a man who remained at the center of guerrilla warfare for more than 20 years, but also explains how Dr. Garang became the undisputed leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). Committed to obtaining a just peace for his people he worked tirelessly and diligently to build support for a new Sudan, one that would be multi- ethnic, multi-religious, democratic and above all, united. Dr. Garang was instrumental in the passage of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed by the Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A in 2005, which gave southern Sudan the right to self determination and pushed for unity between the North and South. This Peace Agreement is representative of Dr. Garang's vision for a united Sudan, a Sudan committed to equity, democracy and peace. As we continue to work toward ending the genocide throughout the region it is imperative that we remember the work and life of Dr. Garang. A man of true conviction and unfaltering courage; a man who believed, as I do, that unity, peace and democracy are achievable in the Sudan.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker. I rise today to recognize International Women's Day and to enter into the Record an article by Edith M. Lederer appearing today in the Washington Post, entitled ``U.N. Seeks End to Violence Against Girls.'' Throughout the world, violence against women appears to be acceptable. According to a 1997 World Health Organization study, in her lifetime, one in five women will be a victim of rape or an attempted rape. A separate 2003 report has shown that 147 women are raped every day in South Africa. According to the same study, in the U.S. a woman is raped every 90 seconds. Darfur presents one of the most extreme examples of violence against women in the world. Currently, rape is used systematically against women in this region of Sudan. While it is impossible to know exactly how many women have been victims of sexual violence since the armed conflict began; however, it is believed that thousands of women have been raped, many multiple times. The devastating effects of rape are ever lasting. Victims are pariahs in their families and their communities. Women, in the Sudan, and in many places throughout the world cannot file complaints against their attackers because no one cares or takes the time to listen. Sexual violence against women is not limited to the Sudan. Since the conflict in Cote d'Ivoire began in 2002, thousands of women and girls have become victims of widespread, systematic rape committed by combatant forces or their civilian allies. Many women have been sexually tortured, gang-raped or abducted and reduced to sexual slavery by combatants. These women have little recourse or access to health care, counseling or other support services. The single most important factor that allows violence against women to persist, whether in times of peace or war, is the fact that those who attack and rape women know that they can get away with it. I support International Women's Day and its efforts to bring much needed attention to this critical issue. [From the Associated Press, Mar. 8, 2007] U.N. Seeks End to Violence Against Girls (By Edith M. Lederer) United Nations.--On the eve of International Women's Day, the U.N. Security Council called Wednesday for an end to the ``pervasive violence'' against girls and women during armed conflicts and demanded that the perpetrators be punished. The council reiterated ``its utmost condemnation'' of the killing, maiming, sexual abuse, abduction and trafficking of girls and women and called on all warring parties to protect them, especially from rape and other forms of sexual violence. In a presidential statement read at a formal meeting, the council emphasized the responsibility of all 192 U.N. member states ``to put an end to impunity and to prosecute those responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes including those relating to sexual and other violence against women and girls.'' The theme of International Women's Day on Thursday and the two-week meeting of the Commission on the Status of Women that ends Friday is discrimination and violence against girls--and ending the impunity for perpetrators. Rachel Mayanja, the special adviser to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on gender issues and the advancement of women, told a news conference that girls and women are subjected to violence every day in every country--and the violence ``transcends politics, culture and religion, race, class, income and age. ``In order to eliminate violence against women and girls, we must take swift and concerted action to eradicate all forms of discrimination against them, and ensure women's equality with men,'' she said. Noeleen Heyzer, executive director of the U.N. Development Fund for Women, said the U.N. Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women has granted more than $13 million to more than 230 initiatives in more than 100 countries over the last 10 years and demonstrated ``that ending violence against women is possible.'' ``It is a pandemic that can be stopped . . . given the necessary political will and resources,'' she said. Heyzer said currently 89 countries have legislative provisions on domestic violence, 104 countries have made marital rape a crime, 90 countries have provisions against sexual harassment, and 93 states prohibit trafficking of women and men. The number of countries adopting legislation against violence is growing, she said, but implementation of the laws ``is often insufficient.'' Heyzer urged ``a real increase in resources if we are to end impunity,'' including nearly tripling the trust fund's annual budget from the current $3.5 million to $10 million. In Wednesday's statement, the Security Council also urged the secretary-general to appoint more women as top envoys in U.N. peacekeeping and peace-building missions, in decision- making positions in U.N. field operations, and especially among military observers, civilian police, human rights and humanitarian staff.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of H. Res. 162, recognizing the contributions of the Negro Baseball Leagues and their players for their achievements, dedication and sacrifices to baseball and the Nation. During the late 1800s, despite numerous attempts, viable, professional leagues, with players of color, had difficulty growing into large professional enterprises. The Negro Baseball League grew out of both necessity, as segregation prevented players of color from participating in organized leagues, such as the National Association of Base Ball Players, which banned black athletes, and a love for the game of baseball. During these times, although few black players played alongside white players most were subjected to regional prejudices and bans preventing black players from playing, lodging or eating in segregated establishments. In the years following the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era, black baseball emerged as a viable and exciting enterprise in the East and Mid-Atlantic states. One of the first baseball games between two all-black teams was held in September 1860 in Hoboken, New Jersey. In the years that followed, black teams played one another when they could, through informal networks. In the early 1880s there were some 200 all-black independent teams that played one another throughout the country. It would take the collaboration of three men: John W. ``Bud'' Fowler, one of the first known professional black baseball players; Moses ``Fleetwood'' Walker and Frank Grant to organize these teams in what became known as the Negro League. The first all-black professional team was formed in 1885, when the Babylon Black Panthers was sponsored by a white businessman from Trenton, New Jersey. Renamed the Cuban Giants, the team, along with 10 others, formed the first Negro League, called the southern League of Base Ballists. The league was a commercial success and by the end of World War I black baseball had become the premier entertainment attraction for urban black populations. In 1920, under the leadership of Andrew ``Rube'' Foster, owner of the Chicago American Giants, the disparate black leagues of the National Negro League was formed. Throughout the history of the Negro League players filled stands, electrified fans and performed athletic feats that were previously unimaginable. The skills, spirit and dedication of players not only contributed to the viability of all-black teams but also helped integrate the sport of baseball. Players like Jackie Robinson, the first black player to play in the major league, Larry Doby, Leroy ``Satchel'' Paige and so many others found their start in the Negro League and without the Negro League baseball might not be the consummate American sport it is today.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to express my full support for use of the Capitol Rotunda for the Tuskegee Airmen Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony. The bill to award the Gold Medal passed unanimously on February 28, 2006 with bipartisan support. This was a long time coming. The Tuskegee Airmen, along with their families and friends are very happy that they will finally receive the highest honor this great body can award. The President will present the Gold Medal on March 29, 2007. Other dignitaries and leaders will also be present to witness this very historical event. The Tuskegee Airmen are a distinguished group of World War II African American veterans who fought against segregation and discrimination at home and the enemy abroad. Their fight was with dignity, steadfastness, and pride. After completing training in Tuskegee, Alabama, they bravely headed to Europe to defend their country. They completed 15,500 missions, destroyed 260 enemy aircraft, sank 1 enemy destroyer, and demolished numerous enemy installations. During their service, the Airmen earned 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 744 Air Medals, 8 Purple Hearts, and 14 Bronze Stars. That is remarkable. The Tuskegee Airmen were trailblazers and paved the way for other African Americans to serve and defend the U.S. Their exemplary work and commitment demonstrated once again that African Americans were not only highly capable, but willing to serve and die for freedom. As a Korean war veteran, I'm honored to have benefited from their courage and service to the military and the Nation. As I express my support for using the Capitol Rotunda to honor great men who have served our country, I must pay honor to the men and women who are on the battlefield today. We must never forget their immeasurable sacrifices. I urge you to support this resolution and to keep our troops and their families in your thoughts and prayers.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today in recognition of Black History Month and to spotlight the success of William Tell, Chairman and CEO of 1 Source Consulting Inc. a strategic consulting firm, which provides business strategy and IT solutions. Tell recently made history by acquiring a seven-year contract from the Department of Energy. Tell, whose larger clients include Homeland Security Department, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, Justice Department and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Office of Information Technology, partnered with RS Information Systems Inc to secure the $1.4 billion government contract, the largest contract awarded to a small business. Beyond a commitment to excellence in the business world Tell maintains a commitment to the community to enriching the lives of others, particularly African Americans. In September 2006, 1 Source Consulting Inc. partnered with San Diego Charger Shawne Merriman, to donate $10,000 to the Frederick Douglass High School Football Program. The company has also assisted in Hurricane Katrina relief efforts and partnered with Goodwill. William Tell is a living testament to the ingenuity and acumen of black business leaders everywhere. His accomplishments should be celebrated in the spirit of remembering the rich legacy of African American leaders everywhere.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in recognition of the life of Dorothy Ann Willis Richards, and in full support of H.R. 42-- legislation recognizing the extraordinary contributions Ann Richards made to the great state of Texas and American public life. Ann Richards had a zest for life that was evident and infectious. She was a wonderful public speaker and found ways to intimately connect with real people by tackling difficult issues that affected their everyday lives. Ann was tremendously tenacious but possessed a quick wit. She was well known for her zingy-one-liners and warm sense of humor. Committed to issues of equity and inclusion, Ann spent much of her life championing causes related to the marginalization of women and minorities in particular. She dedicated herself to increasing the role of women in politics. Ann organized training sessions throughout Texas designed to empower women in politics and succeeded in improving the visibility of women in the National Democratic Party. Aim became the Governor of Texas in 1991 and continued to champion the inclusion of all people in the political process. While in office, Ann oversaw a program of economic revitalization that grew the state's economy. As governor, Ann appointed Zan W. Holmes Jr., the first African-American appointed to the University of Texas Board of Regents; she redirected revenue from the state lottery to a school fund to support public education; and launched the Robin Hood plan, an attempt to equalize funding across school districts. Through these measures, Ann was successful in changing the ways that both Texas and our country thought about and treated women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and members of the Gay, Lesbian, Transgender, and Bisexual communities. Ann once remarked that she entered politics to help those who were often ignored by the Texas' male dominated establishment. It is with great pride that I rise in support of H.R. 42 and recognize, before all, the contributions of a wonderful woman, committed leader and champion for all.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to acknowledge the Bicentennial of the British Abolition of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and enter into the record an article from the Africana Heritage newsletter, published by the Schomburg Center for the Research in Black History and Culture entitled ``Bicentennial of the American and British Abolition of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. `` On March 25, 1807, the British Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. This act outlawed slave trading, granted authority to the British Royal Navy to search and seize ships, and also required payment for the freedom of slaves. This act also was a pivotal piece of legislation and eventually contributed to the full abolishment of slavery in Great Britain and in the United States. This bicentennial offers an opportunity, for people around the world, to remember the historical significance of the slave trade and slavery as a whole. We must never forget the immeasurable human cost of slavery or the aftermath that still lingers today. Considerable progress has been made toward equality and to repair the damage caused by the British institution of slavery, but work still needs to be done in the area of race relations for people of African descent in the U.S. and abroad. The bicentennial provides us an opportunity to remember the history of our past while working toward equality today. In March of 2007, Great Britain will begin a year long commemoration of the bicentennial in several ways. Approximately $37.5 million has been allocated for projects. Specifically, the government is funding projects that involve education on the history of the transatlantic slave trade in schools and communities. The dedication of funding to educate people about the Trans-Atlantic slave trade is noteworthy. I applaud Great Britain for their efforts and look forward to the planning of similar events in the United States during the coming year. Bicentennial of the American and British Abolition of the Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade Two hundred years ago, on March 3, 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed into act a bill approved by Congress the day before ``to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States.'' A few weeks later, on the 25th, the British House of Lords passed The Slave Trade Abolition Bill. In neither country did new legislation signify the immediate end of the international slave trade. Twenty years earlier, the Constitution of the United States (article I, section 9) had clearly spelled out that it could not be banned before 1808, and it was not until January 1, 1808 that the American and British acts went into effect. Nevertheless, the deportation of Africans continued: legally to Brazil, and the French and Spanish colonies; and illegally to the United States and the British West Indies. Of the 12.5 million men, women, and children uprooted by the trans-Atlantic slave trade--93 percent towards South America and the Caribbean--3.5 million were transported between 1801 and 1867. Throughout 2007, the bicentennial of the abolition of the international slave trade will be commemorated in Great Britain--the largest slave trading country with more than 40 percent of the deportations--and Anglophone Caribbean countries with exhibitions, conferences, and other activities. About $37.5 million have been awarded in Great Britain to various projects. The American commemoration will take place in 2008. Major Manifestations of the Bicentennial in Great Britain: Bristol Between 1698 and 1807, Bristol sent 2,000 slave ships to Africa. To commemorate the city's involvement in the slave trade, The Bristol Industrial Museum will propose an exhibition on the slave trade and its abolition. The British Empire and Commonwealth Museum's exhibition ``Breaking the Chains'' will open on February 15 and run for two years. Hull The Wilberforce House Museum and the Wilberforce Institute will develop and update their slavery and abolition collections. The University of Hull will organize a conference, ``Slavery: Unfinished Business,'' on May 16-18. Liverpool The International Slavery Museum will open on August 23 in the city that deported 1.5 million Africans in 5,000 voyages (300 to North America), making it the first slave-trading port in Europe. London The Museum of London and The Museum in Docklands will present exhibitions on the role of London in the slave trade. The city--second in Europe after Bristol--sent more than 2,700 slave ships to Africa. The Victoria and Albert Museum will have two exhibitions starting on February 20, on the impact and legacy of slavery on art. Manchester A partnership of 11 organizations will examine the economic, cultural, and social effects of the slave trade on Great Britain beyond the port cities in a wide-ranging project called ``Revealing Histories.'' Portsmouth The Royal Naval Museum will show an exhibition on the role of the Royal Navy's Africa Squadron in the repression of the transatlantic slave trade. Warwick A conference, ``Free at Last? Commemorating the Bicentennial Anniversary of the Abolition of the British Slave Trade,'' will take place from July 11 to 13. York The University of York will present a conference on April 12-14, ``Abolitions, 1807-2007: Ending the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World.'' Conference in Ghana From August 8th to the 12th, the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture (Virginia), UNESCO, the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History (Yale), the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute (Harvard), the Reed Foundation, and the Wilberforce Institute will convene an international conference, ``The bloody Writing is for ever torn': Domestic and International Consequences of the First Governmental Efforts to Abolish the Atlantic Slave Trade.''

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to acknowledge the Schomburg Center For Research in Black Culture for hosting the 80th Anniversary Africana Heritage Awards Gala, in which 13 living legends were honored and to enter into the record an article from the Africana Heritage newsletter entitled ``80th Anniversary Gala Pays Tribute to 13 Living Legends.'' On October 6, 2006, the Schomburg Center For Research in Black Culture, which is a community treasure, recognized and honored Black achievement by paying tribute to living legends Maya Angelou, Chinua Achebe, Clarence Avant, Harry Belafonte, Elizabeth Catlett, Aime Cesaire, Ruby Dee, John Hope Franklin, William Greaves, Ernest Kaiser, Don Newcombe, Herman J. Russell, and Percy Sutton. The legends have made significant contributions to African American history and culture in areas such as law, business, acting, music, filmmaking, poetry, and sports. Each honoree was presented with a Heritage Award statuette. I was honored to present an award to Percy Sutton. The well organized gala was attended by over 1,000 people. Honorees and guest enjoyed music and poetry performed by the Eli Fountain Percussion Discussion Ensemble, Angelique Kidjo, Kaissa, Kayo, Avery Brooks, and Phylicia Rashad. Dinner was also served. The gala marked a historical moment for the Schomberg Center. The honorary chairs for the gala including myself were President Bill Clinton, Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, David Dinkins, Catherine C. Marron, and Paul LeClerc. The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, which is located in Harlem, is a part of the New York Public Library. It was named after black scholar Arturo Alfonso Schomburg in 1940 and in 1972 was designated as a Research Library within the New York Public Library. It contains an immeasurable wealth of information in the form of manuscripts, rare books, archives, art, photographs, oral history recordings, motion pictures, and videotapes relative to global African and African diasporan experiences. I have introduced legislation, H. Con. Res. 57, to recognize the Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture for educating the people of the United States about the African-American migration experience, and for other purposes. [From the African Heritage Newsletter] 80th Anniversary Gala Pays Tribute to 13 Living Legends Legends came to life for the nearly one thousand guests gathered at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Home of Jazz at Lincoln Center for the Schomburg Center's 80th Anniversary Africana Heritage Awards Gala, on Friday, October 6, 2006. Chaired by Billye S. Aaron and Sherry B. Bronfman, the Gala Honorary Chairs included President William Jefferson Clinton, Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, Congressman Charles B. Rangel, The Honorable David N. Dinkins, Chairman of the Board, The New York Public Library Catherine C. Marron, and President and CEO, The New York Public Library Dr. Paul LeClerc. One of the most memorable evenings in the Center and New York's cultural history, the event honored an extraordinary group of 13 individuals, whose careers and lives have had an immeasurable impact on African-American and American culture. The honorees included author, poet, dancer, actress, and director, Maya Angelou; author and scholar, Chinua Achebe; music executive and producer, Clarence Avant; singer, actor, and activist, Harry Belafonte; sculptress and printmaker, Elizabeth Catlett; author, poet, and playwright, Aime Cesaire; actress, writer, activist, Ruby Dee; historian and author, John Hope Franklin; filmmaker and producer, William Greaves; librarian, bibliographer, and editor, Ernest Kaiser; athlete and community leader, Don Newcombe; entrepreneur and civic leader, Herman J. Russell; and lawyer, activist, political and communications leader, Percy Sutton. The evening began with a VIP reception at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel for the award recipients and major donors, and continued at the Frederick P. Rose Hall with: a cocktail reception in the Atrium, tribute program in The Rose Theater, and a post-tribute dinner in the Allen Room. At the Mandarin, many of the honorees gathered and mingled with distinguished guests including the Gala Co-Chairs Billye Aaron and Sherry Bronfman; Honorary Chairs Congressman Charles B. Rangel and The Honorable David N. Dinkins; and Vice Chairs Hank Aaron, Joyce Dinkins, Evem Cooper Epps, president of the UPS Foundation and vice president of its Corporate Relations, Ingrid Saunders Jones, senior vice president of The Coca-Cola Company and chair of the Coca-Cola Foundation, and The Honorable Andrew J. Young; along with New York City Council Speaker Christine Quinn, President and CEO of Major League Baseball Bob DuPuy, actor Danny Glover, and author Walter Mosley. Entertained by Saleem Waters, the group also included poet Sonia Sanchez, author Walter Mosley, NYU Professor Manthia Diawara, Essence Magazine Editorial Director Susan L. Taylor, and New York Assemblyman Keith L.T. Wright. The tribute program in the Rose Theater began with a prelude of songs spanning 80 years to mirror the center's and the honorees' lifetimes by Eli Fountain Percussion Discussion Ensemble, featuring musicians Lyndon Achee, Alex Blake, Brian Carrot, Miles Dalto, Roland Guerreo, Phoenix Rivera, William Smith, Marc Taylor, and special guest artist Patato Valdez on the congas. Program hosts, actors Avery Brooks and Phylicia Rashad, greeted the audience followed by welcomes and acknowledgements by Howard Dodson and David Ferriero and Co-Chairs Billye Aaron and Sherry Bronfinan. Author and spoken word artist Kayo presented the first performance tribute to the honorees, ``I Can Move Mountains.'' The award presenters gave biographical sketches and read the citation for each honoree before presenting the award statuettes with the assistance of four students from the Schomburg Center/New York Life Junior Scholars Program. The audience paid tribute to each recipient with a standing ovation. The first awards were presented to Ernest Kaiser by Schomburg Chief Howard Dodson; William Greaves by President of the Black Filmmaker Foundation Warrington Hudlin; Ruby Dee by actress Lynn Whitfield; and Harry Belafonte by Sherry Bronfman and Danny Glover. West African singer Angelique Kidjo then performed a special song in honor of the Africana Heritage Award recipients. The second set of awards were presented to Don Newcombe by Hank Aaron and Bob DuPuy; Clarence Avant by Billye Aaron; Herman Russell by Ingrid Saunders Jones; and Percy Sutton by Charles Rangel and David Dinkins. Avery Brooks performed Sterling Brown's poem ``Strong Men'' followed by Percussion Discussion, which kept the audience excited throughout the evening with their distinct and diverse sound. The third and final set of honorees to receive statuettes were Elizabeth Catlett by Evern Cooper Epps and David Driskell, Dean of African-American Art Historians; John Hope Franklin by Howard Dodson; Aime Cesaire by Walter Mosley; Maya Angelou by Andrew Young; and Chinua Achebe by Manthia Diawara, Professor of Comparative Literature and Film and Director of Africana Studies and the Institute of African American Affairs at New York University. The final performance tributes were Phylicia Rashad's reading of Maya Angelou's ``Phenomenal Woman,'' and a musical selection by vocalist Kaissa, from Cameroon. After the tribute program, the honorees and major donors enjoyed dinner in the Allen Room. Awaiting them was a breathtaking view of New York City from the room's dramatic glass wall facing Broadway and Central Park, allowing guests a remarkable--but rare view of the City's streetscape. Tables with lavender rose centerpieces designed by Sandra Parks on royal blue overlays designed by David Fleming, along with music by Saleem Waters added to the extraordinary ambience. The Gala closed with words of appreciation from Howard Dodson, marking one of the most historical moments in the history of the Schomburg Center.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today, on this 28th of February, to join with the hundreds of thousands of Dominican residents of my congressional district and the millions of Dominicans around the world in celebrating the 163rd anniversary of their motherland's independence. The road to freedom and independence is not perfect. It can be just as hard, if not harder, to maintain it as it was to secure it. The Dominican people know this lesson first-hand. Their history includes two wars of independence--first from Haiti in 1844 and then from Spain in 1865--as well as struggles against dictators and oppressive governments. And while self-determination has produced a proud nation, various problems still exist, particularly those that stem from poverty and economic despair. Yet today is a day that all Dominicans are united in celebrating, regardless of their political affiliations. It is a day that we remember the ideals of the Nation, thankful that there is still hope of a better future. It is a day to honor the sacrifices of our heroes in the only appropriate way--by rededicating ourselves to a more just land for all residents, at home and abroad. The Dominican Republic has been, and always will be, a land rich in history and culture. The spirit of its people has energized our community, our city and our Nation. So it gives me great pride to congratulate Dominicans around the world on their Independence Day. Any day that we can take to celebrate and rededicate ourselves to freedom and justice is not just a good one, but a necessary one.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today in recognition of the wonderful work done by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in hosting the Liberia Private Sector Investment Forum, a part of a collective effort to ensure debt relief and economic revitalization for Liberia. Now is a time for optimism in Liberia. Following 14 years of boorish dictatorship and ravenous civil conflict, Liberia has the opportunity to restore democracy, economic stability and social harmony. With the recent election of President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Africa's first female head of state, Liberia is well-positioned to step out of the shadow of a history of violence and destruction; however, Liberia continues to be bound to its past in the form of severe debt accrued over the years. It is important for us all to follow Secretary Rice's example and encourage our President to forgive Liberia of its debt in full. Liberia simply cannot pay its debt to the United States in particular; a debt incurred when civil war ensued following the forceful ascension to power by Samuel Doe and Charles Taylor. A recent United Nations development report on Liberia found that more than 85% of the population is unemployed; nearly 75% of the population miserably subsist on less than $1 per day. A third of the population is illiterate, almost 10% suffer from HIV and AIDS and life expectancy hovers somewhere around 50 years of age. Liberia's economy and infrastructure was nearly demolished during decades of fighting and tyranny. Those living in Liberia today still have limited access to clean water and electricity. It will take tremendous resources to rebuild schools, roads and power grids; however, many of Liberia's existing resources are required to repay the enormous debt burden. The fiscal and structural resources necessary to repair a country whose economy and social fabric have been torn apart due to enduring violence, war that persisted for more than a decade, and debt incurred by misguided and corrupt leaders are tremendous. Moreover, establishing institutions and systems designed to ensure that a country will not fall back into a cycle of indebtedness, while simultaneously attempting to repay an existing debt, is an extremely lofty task. In Liberia debt and monetary conditions are debased and the demands of an increasingly global market economy continue to threaten the fragile base upon which Liberia's current economy stands. More than simply being unable to pay back the debt owed to other countries, unsustainable debt will perpetuate Liberia's inability to achieve economic independence, social harmony, or to realize a truly democratic state, now or in the future. I commend Secretary Rice for her effort to bring much needed relief to the people of Liberia; her participation in the Liberia Partners' Forum as well as her continued work in the region serves as a shining example for us all. Let us not forget the work that remains to be done in helping to rebuild Liberia. Let us begin by calling for complete debt forgiveness.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today in recognition of the service, courage and commitment to the United States displayed by the men who fought in the 761st Tank Battalion in World War II. The 761st Tank Battalion, also known as the Black Panthers, made history as the first all black tank unit to see combat. Like the pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group, more affectionately known as Tuskegee Airmen, the men of 761st enlisted for service during a period in United States history characterized by strict segregation and barbaric acts of violence perpetrated against people of color. At home and in the military, these men experienced discrimination, were relegated to menial service positions and were called to duty only in times of intense crisis. Federal law prohibited black soldiers from serving alongside white troops and although all black regimens were formed few expected to see combat. Following the efforts of Louisiana General Leslie J. McNair, the commander of the Army Ground Forces and the Black Press, who successfully argued that ``colored'' units should be employed in combat, the U.S. Army began to experiment with segregated combat units. On October 10, 1944, the 761st landed in France on the Normandy Peninsula. They were the first battalion deployed. Thirty black officers and 676 black enlisted men were assigned to General Patton's U.S. Third Army. Despite Patton's vocalization of doubts surrounding the use of black soldiers, the soldiers of the 761st committed themselves to fighting for their country on behalf of their race; an action some undoubtedly hoped would change perceptions of black people as inferior and subhuman. The battalion first saw combat on November 7, 1944. For 183 days, these men engaged and defeated the German Army in towns throughout France and Germany. Although it would take years for historical records to be amended and rightfully reflect the courage and skill employed by the 761st we know now just how integral they were to achieving victory in WWII. Throughout their tour in combat the battalion helped to liberate more than 30 towns under Nazi control. Collectively, the men of the 761st were awarded 11 Silver Stars, 70 Bronze Stars, 250 Purple Hearts and a Medal of Honor. In 1945 a recommendation for a Presidential Unit Citation was submitted. President Jimmy Carter awarded it in 1978. The men of the 761st fought for the right to represent this country during the Second World War. Before leaving and upon returning they continued to fight the bigotry, hatred and racism that served to thwart the great promises of this Nation. At all times they acted with dignity, conducting themselves admirably and always with grace. Because of their efforts, and the efforts of other Black soldiers in segregated units, black soldiers now fight alongside white soldiers today. I rise today in recognition of the efforts of the 761st battalion and in honor of Black History Month. I commend them for their resolve and hope that their courage, conviction and commitment forever be remembered by all.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, I rise today to recognize the incredible work happening at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the Schomburg Center, a milestone worthy of celebration. Over the past 80 years the Schomburg has organized many firsts in African-American history including the first orchestra of classically trained black musicians (1971); established a scholar in residence program attracting many of the world's most renowned scholars and intellectual leaders; collected and exhibited hundreds of thousands of items for collections and galleries organized around important themes from the history and lived legacies of African-Americans and the African Diaspora. It is with great pride that I recognize the accomplishments of the Schomburg over the past 80 years. This past summer, from June 19th through July 18th, the Schomburg held its second Schomburg-Mellon Humanities Summer Institute. A joint venture between the Schomburg Center and the Mellon-Mays Foundation, the Humanities Summer initiative is designed to increase the number of minority students interested in pursuing graduate degrees in the humanities in fields related to African-American and African Diaspora Studies. The Summer Institute identifies carefully selected prospective scholars and develops and nurtures their interest over the course of 3 years. Providing students with requisite intellectual skills and presenting them with challenges and orientations helpful in the pursuit of humanities careers, the summer institute fills a much needed role in attracting, retaining, and supporting the next generation of scholars and researchers concerned with issues relating to African Americans and the African Diaspora. The students, culled from schools throughout New York City as well as from Historically Black Colleges and Universities throughout the country, spent the summer exploring the theme ``Africana Age.'' They engaged in discussions, visits, and projects that compelled them to explore the dominant political, economic, and cultural periods of the 20th century; black achievements in social, artistic, and cultural realms that challenged the myth of white supremacy; efforts to forge political and cultural relationships among African peoples across boundaries; and commonalities and differences across time and geography. More than 25 distinguished scholars from around the country conducted seminars, facilitated conversations around works of art, tours of significant African-American landmarks, and aided in conducting research related to the aforementioned themes and subjects. Participating scholars created a research prospectus to aid them in fulfilling academic requirements during their senior year. They also worked both independently and collectively on research projects. The Schomburg-Mellon Summer Institute continues to provide minority students with opportunities that are instrumental in becoming personally and professionally ready to compete in the ever expanding global marketplace. By providing minority students with mentors; providing them with requisite skills such as conducting research and writing research papers; creating rigorous academic programs rooted in historical truths about the contributions made by people of color; and championing them to fulfill their full potential, the Schomburg-Mellon Summer Institute its part to continue the legacy of producing compassionate and capable intellectual leaders. The Schomburg-Mellon Summer Institute is but one of many initiatives aimed at uncovering and preserving truths in black culture. There is the annual book fair, a plethora of programs commemorating significant events and themes throughout African American history, and symposiums on important matters such as the African Burial Ground. This fall marks the sixth year of the Junior Scholars program. A program similar to the Summer Institute teaches history and culture while using insights gained to devise solutions to improving quality of life, for African Americans in particular, today. Another program dedicated to connecting youth with living legends, authors, scholars, artists, and business people in ways that show them they can choose to be anything they apply themselves to becoming while providing them with tools that will prove necessary along the way, the Junior Scholar's program epitomizes the Schomburg's commitment to preserving the legacy of descendants of Africa. While celebrating the Schomburg and its achievements over the course of 80 years it is important to continue to invest in the production of even more scholars, thinkers, and leaders committed to the same goal.

Mr. RANGEL

Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I move to suspend the rules and pass the bill (H.R. 976) to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide tax relief for small businesses, and for other purposes, as amended.